Loss of Social Belonging, Displacement and Social Exclusion in the Neighborhood: Urban Redevelopment in Sarigol, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract

İlkim MARKOÇ, Candan ÇINARKentsel dönüşüm en çok gecekondu alanlarında gerçekleşmektedir. Bu süreçten en çok etkilenen grup ise gecekondululardır. Kentsel dönüşüm projeleri, mahallenin sosyal dokusunda değişime sebep olmasından dolayı pek çok sorunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, İstanbul'da bir dönüşüm alanı olan Sarıgöl'deki süreçte ortaya çıkan sorunları aidiyet kaybı, yerinden edilme ve sosyal dışlanma kavramları bağlamında ele almaktır. Bir çok çalışmaya göre sosyal dışlanma, aidiyet duygusu kaybı ve yerinden edilme süreçleri ile beraber gelişmektedir. Kentsel dönüşüm süreciyle birlikte farklı sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik sınıflardan kişiler sosyal entegrasyon sağlanamadan bir arada yaşamak durumunda kalmaktadır. Alan çalışması için seçilmiş olan Sarıgöl, 1950'lerde yapılaşmanın başladığı bir gecekondu yerleşimidir ve günümüzde de Sarıgöl'de kentsel dönüşüm tüm hızıyla devam etmektedir. Alan araştırmasında derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılarak, değişen sosyal dinamiklerin analizi mahallelinin bu üç kavram için ifadeleri doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kentsel dönüşüm sürecinin toplumdaki olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılabilmesi için mahallenin sadece fiziksel değil sosyal dokusu için de yenilikçi çözüm önerileri sunulmalıdır. Yeni gelenlerin mahalleye aidiyet duymalarını, kalanların ise sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik farklılıkları aşmasını sağlayacak sosyal bağların kurulması ile sosyal ve ekonomik entegrasyon sağlanmalıdır. Anahtar sözcükler: Yerinden edilme; mahalle; Sarıgöl; aidiyet; sosyal dışlanma; kentsel dönüşüm. ÖZUrban redevelopment primarily occurs in shantytowns and the squatters are the most affected by it. The redevelopment projects can potentially lead to countless problems within the neighborhood due to the spill-over effect it has on the social fabric of a community. The main objective of this article is to analyze one of the redevelopment site, Sarigol, in Istanbul and three of those problems caused by the urban redevelopment: loss of social belonging, displacement and social exclusion. According to numerous studies, the fundamental cause of social exclusion, regarded as loss of the sense of belonging and physical displacement, is that prior to urban redevelopment, the members of various socio-cultural and economic social classes were living together without any social integration. The town of Sarigol, which was chosen for fieldwork, was established as a shantytown in the 1950's and today, urban transformation continues there at full speed. In this research, in-depth interviews have been conducted in Sarigol and the effects of a changing social dynamic were analyzed with regard to residents' responses on urban redevelopment within the context of those concepts. To absorb the negative effects of the process, innovative changes have to be presented both for physical and social fabric of the neighborhood. In order to provide the social and economic integration, social bonds which allow new comers to gain their sense of belonging and enable stabiles to overcome their socio-cultural and eco...

The Effect of Urban Redevelopment Induced Displacement and Resettlement on Social Capital in Ethiopia

“…If so, social disarticulation has long term impact on the displaced people which need the attention of government before making decision for relocating people from their original location. This nding is consistent with the research ndings of (Aboda et al, 2019;Ambaye & Abeliene, 2015; M. M. Cernea, 2009;Ejigu & Abraha, 2018;Hussen & Kibret, 2018;Yuqi Liu et al, 2017;Markoç & Çinar, 2018;Nikuze et al, 2019). social network of the households before making decision to displace them and try to resettle them together per their previous relationships.…”

“…According to Yuqi Liu et al (2017) urban redevelopment generally leads to the reconstruction of the built environment and the relocation of original residents, which leads to substantial weakening of existing neighborhood attachment and neighborly relationships. For example, a survey carried out in Sarigol, Istanbul, Turkey indicated that those forced to relocate due to urban regeneration projects had little attachment to their new neighborhoods and suffered from the loss of their original social ties (Markoç & Çinar, 2018). Another survey conducted in Guangzhou, China showed that those who moved back to their previous neighborhoods after redevelopment suffered from a sense of disorientation and isolation (Yuqi Liu et al, 2017).…”

“…To mention few, dispersion and fragmentation of communities, dismantles patterns of social organization and interpersonal ties and scattering of kinship groups are among others More speci cally, loss of existing community-based mutual help and support, loss of customer-seller networks, loss of community-based saving groups. In this context, these social asset indicators were collected from studies made by Bhattacharya, Mal, Tripathy, Mandal, & Ghosh (2013); Jin et al (2020); Julianna (2014); Kaviarasu, Dinesh, & Cruz (2019); Kim, Marcouiller, & Choi (2019); Ying Liu, Geertman, Oort, & Lin (2018); Yuqi Liu, Wu, Liu, & Li (2017); Majrashi (2017); Markoç & Çinar (2018); Nikuze, Sliuzas, & Flacke (2020); Shaw & Saharan (2019); Tran (2015); and Vanclay (2017) through systematic review. Therefore, the above evidences suggests the following reasons why additional research in the area of urban redevelopment induced displacement and resettlement is needed in the context of Ethiopia in general and Gondar city in particular as one of an emerging urban center of the country.…”

Processes and Factors of Social Exclusion in Arrival Cities: Attitudes towards Syrians under Temporary Protection in Tarlabaşı, Istanbul

“…The motives behind practices of social exclusion as well as the outcomes differ according to time, space and social structures of societies and thus, both dimensions can be studied under different theoretical basis. In literature, the processes/practices of social exclusion are mostly discussed in 4 forms: economic, spatial, cultural and political (Adaman ve Keyder, 2006;Apăteanu and Tatar, 2017;Barnes, 2002;Dufy, 1995;Markoç and Çınar, 2018;Sapancalı, 2003).…”