Loss of triglycerides and carotenoids in human milk after processing

Tacken, Karien Jm; Vogelsang, A; Lingen, Richard A. van; Slootstra, Janine; Dikkeschei, Bert D.; Zoeren‐Grobben, Diny van

doi:10.1136/adc.2008.153577

Cited by 48 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There have been very few works published in this regard. Tacken et al 10 studied 30 samples frozen at -18°C for 28 days and did not find any significant differences in the concentration of fat using a colorimetric method. Friend et al 15 studied in 20 samples (10 frozen slowly and 10 quickly) with the Roese-Gottlieb method the concentration of fat after 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months from freezing at -20°C; this study found a decrease, although this was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2,10,17,18,[24][25][26] Consequently, peroxidation of both free fatty acids and those bound to glycerol (tri-and diglycerides) occurred, leading to a physicochemical modification in these. The fatty acids with their structure modified would not be quantified by HMA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The effect of freezing time at less than -20°C on macronutrients (fat, proteins, and lactose) and energy content has rarely been studied. 2,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Our main aim in the present study is to determine the effect of freezing time up to 3 months on the content of fat, total nitrogen, lactose, and energy of a sample of raw human milk using a human milk analyzer (HMA) (MIRIS Ò , Uppsala, Sweden). Freezing breastmilk gives rise to a series of physical changes in its principal components such as rupture of the fat globule membranes and alteration of casein micelles.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Freezing Time on Macronutrients and Energy Content of Breastmilk

García-Lara

Escuder-Vieco

Garcı́a-Algar

et al. 2012

Breastfeeding Medicine

130

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Background: In neonatal units and human milk banks freezing breastmilk at less than -20°C is the choice for preserving it. Scientific evidence in relation to the loss of nutritional quality during freezing is rare. Our main aim in this study is to determine the effect of freezing time up to 3 months on the content of fat, total nitrogen, lactose, and energy. Our secondary aim is to assess whether ultrasonic homogenization of samples enables a more suitable reading of breastmilk macronutrients with a human milk analyzer (HMA) (MIRIS

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Freezing Time on Macronutrients and Energy Content of Breastmilk

García-Lara

Escuder-Vieco

Garcı́a-Algar

et al. 2012

Breastfeeding Medicine

130

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“…The most important ones are β-carotene and lycopene. Lutein concentrations in human milk range from approximately 3-237 mg/L (Bettler et al, 2010;Canfield et al, 2003;Jewell et al, 2004;Tacken et al, 2009). Taken together lutein and zeaxanthin account for 28% of total (Song et al, 2012 In colostrum the carotenoid pattern resembled those of plasma and the low-density lipoprotein fraction.…”

Section: The Role Of Lutein On Infant Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why lutein is important for the eye and the brain

Ramírez

2015

OCL

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-Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that accumulate in the macula. The macula is a yellow spot near the center of the retina that is responsible of high resolution vision. Macular pigment acts as a natural blue light filter and protects the eye from damage. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) increases with lutein administration and is related to visual function and to the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. MOPD can be measured noninvasively and has been related to better cognitive performance. Moreover, compositional analyses of centenarian brains have shown that lutein is the main carotenoid in the brain although not in plasma, indicating a preferential accumulation in neural tissues, and that carotenoids status is correlated with some functional outcomes. Carotenoids are present in human milk with higher concentration in colostrum than in transitional and mature milk. Formula fed-infants have less plasma lutein concentration than breast fed infants. Analyses of brain from infants who died during the first year of life showed that lutein is also the predominant carotenoid of brain. Studies in non-human primates revealed that carotenoids are determinant in the formation of the retinal epithelia. In vitro studies showed that lutein stimulates the differentiation of human stem cells to neural progenitor cells. All this findings together, mostly the presence of lutein in breast milk, plasma concentration in breast-fed infants vs. formula fed infants, preferential accumulation in the brain and evidences of influence on the retina and the functionality of the brain signal the importance of the role of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual maturation and brain development.Keywords: Lutein / zeaxanthin / brain / infant / nutrition Résumé -Importance de la lutéine pour l'oeil et le cerveau. La lutéine et la zéaxanthine sont des caroténoïdes qui s'accumulent dans la macula. La macula est une tache jaune, située près du centre de la rétine, qui est responsable de la vision fine. Le pigment maculaire agit comme un filtre naturel de la lumière bleue nocive et protège l'oeil contre d'éventuels dommages. La densité optique du pigment maculaire (ou MPOD, acronyme de Macular pigment optical density) augmente avec l'administration de lutéine et est liée à la qualité de la fonction visuelle et à la prévention de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge. La MOPD peut être mesurée de manière non invasive et a été associée à de meilleures performances cognitives. En outre, les analyses de composition de cerveaux de centenaires ont montré que la lutéine est le caroténoïde principal du cerveau mais pas du plasma, ce qui indique une accumulation préférentielle dans les tissus neuronaux et que le statut en caroténoïdes est corrélé avec quelques données fonctionnelles. Les caroténoïdes sont présents dans le lait maternel avec une concentration plus élevée dans le colostrum que dans lait de transition ou mature. Les enfants nourris avec des formules infantiles (végétales) présentent des diminutions de concentrations...

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“…Studies about the effects of time spent at -20°C on macronutrients (fat, protein, and lactose) and energy content are scarce. 9,10,11,12 Scientific evidence about nutritional quality losses during this procedure is needed. 12,13 The availability of fat in human milk is influenced by the duration of pregnancy, the number of postpartum months, the volume of milk produced, the time of breastfeeding, the mother's diet, and the mother's weight gain during pregnancy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Technology as a Method for Homogenizing Human Milk

Reiter¹,

Nunes²

2017

Int J Nutrol

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Background:The lipid content of human milk is its most variable component and provides from 35 to 50% of the daily energy needs of newborns. Losses occur during the freezing and thawing processes due to the coalescence of the fat globules and their adherence to bottle walls. Objectives: The objective was to test two methods of homogenizing pasteurized human milk in human milk banks in order to reduce the nutritional losses that occur between storage and feeding to newborns. Methods: Human milk samples collected in duplicate were homogenized either by sonication (MIRIS, Sweden) or vortex tube agitation. A total of 941 milk samples of different lactation stages from the human milk bank in Blumenau (SC, Brazil) were analyzed. A human milk analyzer (MIRIS, Sweden) was used to determine lipid content after homogenization. The statistical significance adopted in this study was α = 5%. Results: A mean of 1.87 grams of lipids per deciliter (g/dL) was observed in vortex-homogenized milk, whereas ultrasound homogenization yielded a mean of 2.07 g/dL, p < 0.01. The mean energy value of vortexhomogenized milk was 33.36 Kcal/dL, compared to 35.81 Kcal/dL for ultrasound-homogenized milk, p < 0.01. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is energy loss when human milk is not properly homogenized before being fed to newborns; better homogenization techniques decrease the adherence of fat globules to the bottle walls.

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Loss of triglycerides and carotenoids in human milk after processing

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Effect of Freezing Time on Macronutrients and Energy Content of Breastmilk

Effect of Freezing Time on Macronutrients and Energy Content of Breastmilk

Why lutein is important for the eye and the brain

Ultrasound Technology as a Method for Homogenizing Human Milk

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