Losses in Riyadh Water Distribution Network

Light‐Induced Water Oxidation by a Ru complex Containing a Bio‐Inspired Ligand

“…Therefore, the flow condition in Zone 2 is too complex and varied to simulate mechanically or mathematically. Rather, a linear velocity distribution (Quraishi and Abou‐Seida, 1975) or a logarithmic velocity distribution has been suggested to apply in this transition region. In this study, the velocity distribution in Zone 2 is calculated by equalizing the estimated velocity distributions in Zone 1 and Zone 3, as shown in Figure 4.…”

The development of a grey relational analysis-based composite index for environmental sustainability assessment: Towards a net-zero emissions strategy in Saudi Arabia

“…Although, as of 2020, 13 National Renewable Energy Program projects were generating 4,870 MW with a projection of an annual 15, 108, 701 MWh by 2024 [ 78 ]. Likewise, there are extant studies with estimations on water loss in the distribution systems in some selected parts of Saudi Arabia [ 79 , 80 ], but the data are not substantive. Lastly, concerning the indicator (i.e., use of non-car transport underneath the Transport category), the percentage of the annual passenger travelling via public transportation is partly provided by the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO) in English and Arabic.…”

Smart metering and communication interventions reduce significant water leakage by faulty toilets in purpose-built student accommodation

“…Such leakage not only wastes water resources, but also the embedded pumping energy and chemical resources needed for water treatment and distribution (Liu et al 2016). The amount of water lost in distribution varies from 5-55%, depending on the age of networks (Maskit et al 2014, Quraishi et al 1994, Zang et al 2021). Furthermore, water leakage post meter can range from 1-18% (Table 1), adding to the water already lost in the distribution network.…”

“…Such leakage not only wastes water resources, but also the embedded pumping energy and chemical resources needed for water treatment and distribution 4 . The amount of water lost in distribution varies from 5% to 55%, depending on the age of networks 1,5,6 . Water leakage post meter adds to the water already lost in the distribution network and reportedly ranges from 1% to 18% (Table 1).…”