Losses of Energy and Nitrogen in Drying Excreta of Hens

Manoukas, Α. G.; Colovos, N. F.; Davis, Heather A.

doi:10.3382/ps.0430547

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The dry fecal samples were combusted as outlined (Parr, 1960 The mean energyloss (kcal/g) was 5.07o between the wet and dry material (Table 1). Shannon and Brown (1969) reported a mean energy loss of 5.5Ea, which is in agreement with our observations, when they dried poultry excreta in a forced-air oven for 24 fu at 6O C. However, the loss observed in our study was lower than that reported by Manoukas et al (1964), who reported a mean loss in energy of tZ.O% on a dry matter basis for poultry feces dried in a convection oven for 24 hr at 65 C. In excreta voided by the bluewinged teal or' the house sparrow, Blem (1968) …”

Section: Materials and }Iethodssupporting

confidence: 37%

Comparative Evaluation of Some Techniques Used in Determinations of Nitrogen and Energy Content of Feces From Pigs

Saben¹,

Bowland²

1971

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Section: Materials and }Iethodssupporting

confidence: 37%

Comparative Evaluation of Some Techniques Used in Determinations of Nitrogen and Energy Content of Feces From Pigs

Saben¹,

Bowland²

1971

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Currently, no standard method of drying ifeces, urine, or excreta for determination of energy or N concentration has been accepted in the scientific community (Bach Knudsen and Hansen, 1991;Pedersen et al, 2007;Kerr et al, 2009). In poultry, Manoukas et al (1964) demonstrated that oven drying (OD) at 65°C resulted in energy and N losses of 11.4 and 5.2%, respectively, compared with fresh, undried (UD) excreta. Shannon and Brown (1969) reported energy losses were least (1.3%) with freeze drying (FD), whereas losses of energy decreased with increasing OD temperature (5.5% at 60°C, 3.3% at 100°C, and 2.8% at 120°C) compared with UD excreta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of drying methods on nitrogen and energy concentrations in pig feces and urine, and poultry excreta1

Jacobs

Patience

Dozier

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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Accurate estimations of nutrient digestion and retention are critical in nutrient balance and feed evaluation studies because errors that occur are often additive. However, there is no standard universal method for drying feces, urine, or excreta before laboratory analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of 4 different drying methods on nutrient concentrations in feces, urine, and excreta. Twelve individually penned growing pigs were fed 1 of 3 diets and 16 pens of 10 growing broilers were fed 1 of 4 diets that differed in NDF and CP. Feces, urine, and excreta that varied in nutrient composition were collected after 7 d of diet adaptation. Samples were dried using 1 of 4 methods: undried (UD), freeze-dried (FD), oven-dried at 55 °C for 48 h (OD55), or oven-dried at 100 °C for 48 h (OD100), after which DM, GE, N, C, and S were determined. In swine feces, drying resulted in a loss of GE (P < 0.10) and S (P < 0.01) by 5 and 58%, respectively, compared with UD feces. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.36) among drying method on DM, GE, N, C, or S concentrations. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.12) in urinary GE due to drying or between drying methods; however, urinary DM was greatest by FD compared with OD (P < 0.05) and greater for OD55 compared with OD100 (P < 0.01). In poultry excreta, GE (P < 0.05), N (P < 0.10), and S (P < 0.01) were reduced by drying by an average of 6, 10, and 66%, respectively. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.50) among drying methods except FD excreta had a greater S concentration than OD (P < 0.10). Regardless of drying method, some GE and N loss appears to be inevitable, but there is no apparent advantage between FD and OD. The apparent greater S losses warrant further investigation.

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“…Shannon and Brown (1969) reported nitrogen losses of 3.5, 5.1,4.5, and 7.6% for one poultry excreta sample and 5.9, 4.2, 11.1, and 13.5% for a second sample when freeze-dried or oven dried at 60, 100, and 120 C, respectively. Manoukas et al (1964) also reported significant losses of nitrogen averaging 5.4% when poultry excreta was oven dried at 65 C, but the losses ranged from -7.1 to 15.2%. As with the energy determinations, the validity of their nitrogen determinations may also be questioned.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In Experiment 1, excreta samples absorbed 1.9 to 3.9% moisture during ler and Swift, 1959), and small losses of less than 2% when cattle feces were oven dried at 80 C (Fenner and Archibald, 1959). Manoukas et al (1964) reported average energy losses of 12% from oven dried poultry excreta at 65 C. Losses from samples of fresh excreta derived from different hens ranged from 1.2 to 20.2%. Colovos et al (1957) also reported large energy losses averaging 14% (ranging from 4 to 21%) when cattle feces were oven dried at 65 C; because of these unexplained wide ranges in energy losses, the validity of their conclusions may be seriously questioned.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

Blake

Pötter

1987

Poultry Science

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Three experiments were conducted to determine nitrogen, energy, and dry matter loss associated with the drying and grinding of poultry feed and excreta. Freeze-dried and 60 C oven dried excreta samples incurred similar weight losses; however, weight losses increased linearly when excreta samples were oven dried at 60, 100, or 120 C. Substantial sample losses (3.5 to 5.2%) due to grinding were observed. No nitrogen or energy losses from drying were detected from analyses of fresh and dried excreta.In the second experiment, feed (150 g) and excreta (150 g), which had been dried at 40 C and equilibrated with atmospheric moisture, were ground and stored in screw cap containers. One-gram subsamples were dried at 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, or 175 C for 24 hr. Residual weight decreased with increasing drying temperature. When expressed per gram of original sample, the energy content of feed and excreta samples remained unchanged by drying at 100 C or less but decreased significantly at higher temperatures. Nitrogen composition of feed and excreta samples exhibited a similar trend, except loss of excreta nitrogen (2% of the total) was significant at 100 C.In the final experiment, feed and excreta samples from the previous experiment were oven dried for 24 hr, extracted with N,N-dimethylformamide, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent. Feed samples retained 5.5, 3.0, and .6% water, and excreta samples retained 5.9, 3.2, and .5% water when oven dried for 24 hr at 40, 60, or 80 C, respectively. When dried at 100, 120, or 140 C, decompositional losses amounted to .3, 1.5, and 2.3% for feed and 1.4, 2.8, and 4.5% for excreta, respectively. A drying temperature of 90 C was deemed to be the most satisfactory to remove water and yet prevent decomposition of feed and excreta samples. (

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Losses of Energy and Nitrogen in Drying Excreta of Hens

Cited by 34 publications

References 2 publications

Comparative Evaluation of Some Techniques Used in Determinations of Nitrogen and Energy Content of Feces From Pigs

Comparative Evaluation of Some Techniques Used in Determinations of Nitrogen and Energy Content of Feces From Pigs

Effects of drying methods on nitrogen and energy concentrations in pig feces and urine, and poultry excreta1

Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

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