“…Other researchers have explored the cause of the gender deficit in certain STEM fields by examining psychosocial variables such as influence of parents (particularly mothers; Bleeker & Jacobs, 2004;Jacobs & Eccles, 1993); a belief in the malleability of ability and intelligence (Dweck, 2007); differences in interests and preferences (Chipman, Krantz, & Silver, 1992;Lubinski & Benbow, 1992, 2001Toutkoushian & Bellas, 2005); differences in self-perception (Eccles, 1994); epistemological beliefs (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986;Enman & Lupart, 2000;Gilligan, 1982); gender bias and discrimination (Heilman & Wallen, 2004;Norton, Vandello, & Darling, 2004); and differences in life experiences, often focusing on the demands placed upon women for raising a family (Arnold, 1992;Feist, 2006;Subotnik, Stone, & Steiner, 2001).…”