“…Research on impacts and adaptation in terrestrial and freshwater systems has been guided by the National Adaptation Research Plans (Hughes et al, 2010;Bates et al, 2011) and by research undertaken within the CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship. Climate change adaptation plans developed by many levels of government and Natural Resource Management (NRM) bodies, supported by substantial Australian government funding, have identified priorities that include identification and protection of climatic refugia (Davis et al, 2013;Reside et al, 2013); restoration of riparian zones to reduce stream temperatures (Davies, 2010;Jenkins et al, 2011); construction of levees to protect wetlands from saltwater intrusion (Jenkins et al, 2011); reduction of non-climatic threats such as invasive species to increase ecosystem resilience (Kingsford et al, 2009); ecologically appropriate fire regimes (Driscoll et al, 2010); restoration of environmental flows in major rivers (Kingsford and Watson, 2011;Pittock and Finlayson, 2011); protecting and restoring habitat connectivity in association with expansion of the protected area network (Dunlop and Brown, 2008;Mackey et al, 2008;Taylor and Philp, 2010;Prowse and Brook, 2011;Maggini et al, 2013); and active interventionist strategies such as assisted colonization to reduce probability of species extinctions (Burbidge et al, 2011;McIntyre, 2011) or restore ecosystem services (Lunt et al, 2013). Few specific measures have been implemented and thus their effectiveness cannot yet be assessed.…”