Lost Sex in the Reptiles: Constraints and Correlations

Kearney, Michael R.; Fujita, Matthew K.; Ridenour, Jessica

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_21

Cited by 95 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Descriptions include low-stability, transient or disclimax habitats [10,[18][19][20], metapopulation structure with colonization-extinction cycles [21,22], low amount or diversity of resources [2,23], low population productivity [24], low density [25,26], high openness and habitat vacancy [20,27] and higher abiotic than biotic selection pressure [2].…”

Section: (A) a Marginal Habitat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hörandl [3] describes a scenario of 'opportunistic geographic parthenogenesis': climate change can make species ranges split, contract or expand, which then can create opportunities for hybridization, which in turn are known to have played a role in the origins of many parthenogenetic species (e.g. direct experimental evidence [77]; genetic inference [27]). Moreover, cold spells, variable temperatures and water stress can sometimes trigger the production of unreduced gametes [78].…”

Section: Explanations For the Main Patterns Of Geographic Parthenogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geographic parthenogenesis literature has clear 'favourite taxa': temperate angiosperms with distributions in Europe and northern America, lizards [27] and Coleoptera [141]. Reviews can be found on plants and animals in [8], on angiosperms in [140], on arthropods in [17].…”

Section: (A) Better Documentation Of the Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, it seems reasonable to assume that a closer look at its reproductive system was encouraged by it is cosmopolitanism and association with humans. This kind of detection bias has to be considered when arguing for a causal relationship between parthenogenesis and association with humans (see [27]). Another factor to consider is potential nonlinearities in data: in a recent field survey, the relationship between altitude and parthenogenesis in plants proved not as straightforward as previously thought, as above the altitude where asexuals increase in frequency, sexuals may take over again [147].…”

Section: (A) Better Documentation Of the Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex?

Tilquin

Kokko

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'. Theory predicts that sexual reproduction is difficult to maintain if asexuality is an option, yet sex is very common. To understand why, it is important to pay attention to repeatably occurring conditions that favour transitions to, or persistence of, asexuality. Geographic parthenogenesis is a term that has been applied to describe a large variety of patterns where sexual and related asexual forms differ in their geographic distribution. Often asexuality is stated to occur in a habitat that is, in some sense, marginal, but the interpretation differs across studies: parthenogens might not only predominate near the margin of the sexuals' distribution, but might also extend far beyond the sexual range; they may be disproportionately found in newly colonizable areas (e.g. areas previously glaciated), or in habitats where abiotic selection pressures are relatively stronger than biotic ones (e.g. cold, dry). Here, we review the various patterns proposed in the literature, the hypotheses put forward to explain them, and the assumptions they rely on. Surprisingly, few mathematical models consider geographic parthenogenesis as their focal question, but all models for the evolution of sex could be evaluated in this framework if the (often ecological) causal factors vary predictably with geography. We also recommend broadening the taxa studied beyond the traditional favourites.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.

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Section: (A) a Marginal Habitat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Explanations For the Main Patterns Of Geographic Parthenogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (A) Better Documentation Of the Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (A) Better Documentation Of the Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex?

Tilquin

Kokko

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…However, dominant multi-locus markers are not always straightforward to interpret, and thus shed little light on the underlying mechanisms. In the present paper, we performed sibship analyses with 15 co-dominant microsatellite loci to evaluate genome-wide clonal (males absent), restricted to reptiles [7,8]; Sperm-dependent parthenogenesis (i.e. gynogenesis): clonal, embryogenesis requires trigger from allospecific sperm that is not incorporated (rare 'paternal leakage' might incorporate subgenomic amounts of paternal DNA), occurs in teleost fishes and urodelan amphibians [9]; Kleptogenesis: females acquire full or partial genomes from their mates by a not fully understood mechanism, allowing them to purge genomes from deleterious alleles (here BB); described from urodelan amphibians [10]; Unnamed form of hybridogenesis: clonal diploid eggs are fertilized by sperm from a recombining sexual species that can be diploid or triploid (as in meiotic hybridogenesis); occurs in anuran amphibians and teleost fishes [11][12][13]; Meiotic hybridogenesis: may occur in triploid males and/or females; found in teleost fishes and anuran amphibians [14,15]; ploidy elevation of the diploid offspring, which might produce diploid hybrid gametes, can occur in the next generation (becoming then e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Mendelian and clonal genome transmission in a sexually reproducing, all-triploid vertebrate

et al. 2011

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Meiosis in triploids faces the seemingly insuperable difficulty of dividing an odd number of chromosome sets by two. Triploid vertebrates usually circumvent this problem through either asexuality or some forms of hybridogenesis, including meiotic hybridogenesis that involve a reproductive community of different ploidy levels and genome composition. Batura toads (Bufo baturae; 3n ¼ 33 chromosomes), however, present an all-triploid sexual reproduction. This hybrid species has two genome copies carrying a nucleolus-organizing region (NORþ) on chromosome 6, and a third copy without it (NOR2). Males only produce haploid NORþ sperm, while ova are diploid, containing one NORþ and one NOR2 set. Here, we conduct sibship analyses with co-dominant microsatellite markers so as (i) to confirm the purely clonal and maternal transmission of the NOR2 set, and (ii) to demonstrate Mendelian segregation and recombination of the NORþ sets in both sexes. This new reproductive mode in vertebrates ('pre-equalizing hybrid meiosis') offers an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of non-recombining genomes. Elucidating the mechanisms that allow simultaneous transmission of two genomes, one of Mendelian, the other of clonal inheritance, might shed light on the general processes that regulate meiosis in vertebrates.

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2017

Evolution Letters

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Changes from sexual reproduction to female-producing parthenogenesis (thelytoky) have great evolutionary and ecological consequences, but how many times parthenogenesis evolved in different animal taxa is unknown. We present the first exhaustive database covering 765 cases of parthenogenesis in haplodiploid (arrhenotokous) arthropods, and estimate frequencies of parthenogenesis in different taxonomic groups. We show that the frequency of parthenogenetic lineages extensively varies among groups (0-38% among genera), that many species have both sexual and parthenogenetic lineages and that polyploidy is very rare.Parthenogens are characterized by broad ecological niches: parasitoid and phytophagous parthenogenetic species consistently use more host species, and have larger, polewards extended geographic distributions than their sexual relatives. These differences did not solely evolve after the transition to parthenogenesis. Extant parthenogens often derive from sexual ancestors with relatively broad ecological niches and distributions. As these ecological attributes are associated with large population sizes, our results strongly suggests that transitions to parthenogenesis are more frequent in large sexual populations and/or that the risk of extinction of parthenogens with large population sizes is reduced. The species database presented here provides insights into the maintenance of sex and parthenogenesis in natural populations that are not taxon specific and opens perspectives for future comparative studies.

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Lost Sex in the Reptiles: Constraints and Correlations

Cited by 95 publications

References 119 publications

What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex?

What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex?

Simultaneous Mendelian and clonal genome transmission in a sexually reproducing, all-triploid vertebrate

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