Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation

Fletcher, Harvey; Munson, W. A.

doi:10.1121/1.1915637

Cited by 962 publications

(282 citation statements)

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“…According to a classical definition, the term loudness describes the "magnitude of an auditory sensation" (Fletcher and Munson 1933). It is the perceptual correlate of sound intensity but also depends on a number of other acoustical variables, such as frequency, spectral bandwidth, stimulus duration, temporal fluctuations, or monaural vs. binaural stimulus presentation (Fletcher and Munson 1933;Zhang and Zeng 1997;Grimm et al 2002;Verhey and Uhlemann 2008;Epstein and Florentine 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the perceptual correlate of sound intensity but also depends on a number of other acoustical variables, such as frequency, spectral bandwidth, stimulus duration, temporal fluctuations, or monaural vs. binaural stimulus presentation (Fletcher and Munson 1933;Zhang and Zeng 1997;Grimm et al 2002;Verhey and Uhlemann 2008;Epstein and Florentine 2009). Also non-auditory factors like context effects and personality traits like anxiety can affect loudness (Stephens 1970;Algom and Marks 1990;Gabriel et al 1997;Menzel et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural Coding of Sound Intensity and Loudness in the Human Auditory System

Röhl

Uppenkamp

2012

JARO

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Inter-individual differences in loudness sensation of 45 young normal-hearing participants were employed to investigate how and at what stage of the auditory pathway perceived loudness, the perceptual correlate of sound intensity, is transformed into neural activation. Loudness sensation was assessed by categorical loudness scaling, a psychoacoustical scaling procedure, whereas neural activation in the auditory cortex, inferior colliculi, and medial geniculate bodies was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We observed an almost linear increase of perceived loudness and percent signal change from baseline (PSC) in all examined stages of the upper auditory pathway. Across individuals, the slope of the underlying growth function for perceived loudness was significantly correlated with the slope of the growth function for the PSC in the auditory cortex, but not in subcortical structures. In conclusion, the fMRI correlate of neural activity in the auditory cortex as measured by the blood oxygen level-dependent effect appears to be more a linear reflection of subjective loudness sensation rather than a display of physical sound pressure level, as measured using a sound-level meter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Coding of Sound Intensity and Loudness in the Human Auditory System

Röhl

Uppenkamp

2012

JARO

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“…The second impetus for the present study came from my recent attempts (not published) to use the method of magnitude estimation to assess loudness summation in individual subjects. Those experiments compared single tones to two-tone complexes comprising equally loud, widely separated sound frequencies-a condition in which I expected the two-tone complexes to be, on average, twice as loud as the single tones (e.g., Fletcher & Munson, 1933;Howes, 1950;Marks, 1979). Instead, I found that repeated presentation of the stimuli yielded less than complete summation-as if, with multiple replications of the stimulus sets, there was a contextual "assimilation" of the judgments.…”

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confidence: 95%

Magnitude estimation and sensory matching

Marks

1988

Perception & Psychophysics

131

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“…If the bandwidth of asound is varied while keeping the overall intensity fixed, loudness remains constant as long as the bandwidth is smaller than ac ritical bandwidth, for larger bandwidths, loudness increases (e.g. [4,5,6,7,8,9]). This effect called spectral loudness summation is believedt or esult from an analysis of the incoming sound by abank of overlapping critical-band filters followed by acompressive nonlinearity in each filter that transforms the intensity to specificloudness, and a final loudness summation across channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of loudness models for time-varying sounds

Rennies¹,

Verhey²,

Fastl³

2010

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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SummaryThe loudness of as ound depends, among other parameters, on its temporal shape. Different loudness models were proposed to account for temporal aspects in loudness perception. To investigate different dynamic concepts for modeling loudness, predictions were made with the twocurrent loudness models of Glasbergand Moore [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50,331-341 (2002)] and Chalupper and Fastl [Acta Acustica united with Acustica 88,378-386 (2002)] for aset of time-varying sounds. The predicted effects of duration, repetition rate, amplitude-modulation, temporal asymmetry,frequencymodulation and the systematic variation of spectro-temporal structure on loudness were compared to data from the literature. Both models predicted the general trends of the data for single, repeated and asymmetric sound bursts and amplitude-modulated sounds. The model of Chalupper and Fastl seems to agree slightly better with loudness data for sounds with strong spectral variations overtime, since it includes a dynamic stage which allows spectral loudness summation also for non-synchronous frequencycomponents.

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Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation

Cited by 962 publications

References 0 publications

Neural Coding of Sound Intensity and Loudness in the Human Auditory System

Neural Coding of Sound Intensity and Loudness in the Human Auditory System

Magnitude estimation and sensory matching

Comparison of loudness models for time-varying sounds

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