Loudness of low-frequency pure tones lateralized by interaural time differences

Koehl, Vincent; Paquier, Mathieu

doi:10.1121/1.4906262

Cited by 7 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This eect is very similar to the one already observed [6]. As the PSE is signicantly lower when ITD = ±772 µs than when ITD = 0 µs, it can be inferred that, at the same level, the dichotic signals are louder than the diotic signal.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…In a previous study, an eect of interaural time dierence (ITD) on loudness has been shown for low-frequency pure tones at 200 and 400 Hz [6]. A small but signicant increase of loudness with increasing ITD could be observed at a low loudness level (40 phon) but not a moderate one (70 phon).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two frequencies (200 Hz and 400 Hz) at which the eect of ITD on loudness has been observed at low loudness level (40 phon) [6] were under study.…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three ITD values (−772 µs, 0 µs, +772 µs) were selected as ±772 µs were the ITD values for which the eect on loudness was the highest [6]. These values were obtained from Kuhn's low-frequency model [14], which is valid below 500 Hz:…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the ITD eect proved to be signicant at low loudness level only [6], a second experiment was designed to investigate the eect of ITD at the hearing threshold. The minimum audible eld is measured in free, quasi-free or diuse sound eld using a loudspeaker that is generally placed in front of the listener [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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SummaryThe loudness related to a sound may vary according to the localization of its source. This phenomenon is described as directional loudness and has been mainly observed for high-frequency sounds and for sources located in the horizontal plane. Because of the acoustic shadow of the head, the left and right ear pressures are modied depending on the source azimuth and the global loudness resulting from a summation process may vary accordingly. But directional loudness has also been reported to occur at 400 Hz, where shadowing eects are usually rather small. It might therefore be suspected that directional loudness eects could be inuenced by other parameters involved in the localization process. In a previous study, a small but signicant increase of loudness with increasing interaural time dierence (ITD) was shown for low-frequency pure tones (200 and 400 Hz) at a low loudness level (40 phon). The present study aimed at getting insight into the potential cause and extent of this eect by assessing the loudness of similar pure tones lateralized with headphones by applying an interaural level dierence (ILD) in addition to an ITD and by measuring the eect of ITD at the hearing threshold. It showed signicant eects of both ILD and ITD on loudness, and no interaction between these factors. As the eects added even when the factors were contradictory, it supports the hypothesis that the eect is caused by the ITD itself and is not related to the localization process. However, the ITD eect was not signicant at the hearing threshold.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two frequencies (200 Hz and 400 Hz) at which the eect of ITD on loudness has been observed at low loudness level (40 phon) [6] were under study.…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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Dependence of binaural gain for infrasound on interaural phase difference

Bug

Strüp

Marquardt

2022

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Increasing complaints about infrasound have generated interest in understanding its perception, including binaural effects. This study investigated the level difference between monaural and binaural presentation required for detection and equal loudness (binaural gain) for pure tones with frequencies of 8, 32, and 400 Hz and an 8 Hz sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tone with diotic 400 Hz carrier. Monaural stimuli were compared to binaural stimuli with interaural phase differences (IPDs) of 0°, 90°, and 180° in two experiments: absolute threshold measurements and loudness matching at 40 phons. The latter was repeated with transposed tones (400 Hz carrier multiplied by a half-wave-rectified 8 Hz sinusoid). When expressed as differences in sound pressure level, similar binaural gain was found across all stimulus types under the diotic condition. Confirming previous studies, the gain was larger at supra-threshold levels (40 phons) than at threshold. However, when the loudness-matching results were expressed as binaural gain with respect to the loudness level, they became 17.5, 11.2, and 5.8 phons for the 8, 32, and 400 Hz stimuli, respectively. Results for the 8 Hz pure tone and the transposed stimulus were IPD dependent.

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Directional Loudness of Low-Frequency Noises Actually Presented Over Loudspeakers And Virtually Presented Over Headphones

Berthomieu¹,

Koehl²,

Paquier³

2019

J. Audio Eng. Soc.

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Previous studies have revealed that the loudness of low-frequency pure tones increased with the interaural time difference (ITD). This effect accounts for the directional loudness phenomenon at low frequencies, where ITD is the main localization cue. So far, this effect has only been studied for sounds generated and presented directly over headphones, which are not natural listening conditions. The present study aims at investigating this effect on lowfrequency noises stemming from real sources. Twenty subjects assessed the loudness of stimuli that were actually displayed by loudspeakers arranged at various locations within a listening room or that were recorded with a dummy head and virtually reproduced through headphones. Results show that the directional loudness sensitivity (DLS) is in agreement with the previously revealed ITD effect. Moreover, the DLS was higher when stimuli were reproduced over headphones than over loudspeakers, specifically when frontal sources were located at a short distance from the listeners. One hypothesis on this effect relies on visual cues that were available to the listeners only when sounds were reproduced over loudspeakers, providing information about the source distance. Listeners were also aware that sounds were reproduced on loudspeaker or headphones, possibly involving different loudness processings, leading to DLS differences.

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Loudness of low-frequency pure tones lateralized by interaural time differences

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Dependence of binaural gain for infrasound on interaural phase difference

Directional Loudness of Low-Frequency Noises Actually Presented Over Loudspeakers And Virtually Presented Over Headphones

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