Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt

Khater, Hanem F.; Ramadan, Mohamed; Elmadawy, Reham S.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.011

Cited by 86 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…No excipient-only control was used and hence the contribution of the excipient to any repellent effect cannot be determined. This finding of relatively poor efficacy of peppermint oil as a deterrent in the field does not agree with earlier observations made in water buffalo (Khater et al, 2009). Numbers of three species of nuisance fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae), M. domestica and Hippobosca equina (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), were found to decrease significantly on cattle treated for lice infestations with essential oils of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), peppermint and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) until 6 days post-treatment; however, this experiment used only an untreated control and thus did not account for any possible repellent effects of a hydrophobic solution (Khater et al, 2009).…”

Section: Fliescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of research has concentrated on chewing lice of the genus Bovicola (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) in sheep (James & Callander, 2012a, 2012b and donkeys (Ellse et al, 2013) and only one study has investigated the effect of essential oils on the sucking louse, Haematopinus tuberculatus (Burmeister) (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae) (Khater et al, 2009).…”

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a limited in vivo study, spray application of 2 mL/kg of a 5% solution of lavender or 5% tea tree oil in water and emulsifier (2% Tween ® 80) to groups of 10 donkeys with natural infestations of B. ocellatus resulted in a significant decline in louse numbers for 2 weeks after application (Ellse et al, 2013). In the cattle sucking louse, H. tuberculatus, in vitro contact assays comparing a range of oils found essential oil of camphor to be the most toxic with an LC 50 of 2.74% and a significant ovicidal effect on eggs immersed for 10 min in 22% camphor solution (Khater et al, 2009). However, the pyrethroid positive control, D-phenothrin, also caused a 62% reduction in egg hatch, which was unexpected because pyrethroids are not usually considered to be ovicidal (Khater et al, 2009).…”

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the cattle sucking louse, H. tuberculatus, in vitro contact assays comparing a range of oils found essential oil of camphor to be the most toxic with an LC 50 of 2.74% and a significant ovicidal effect on eggs immersed for 10 min in 22% camphor solution (Khater et al, 2009). However, the pyrethroid positive control, D-phenothrin, also caused a 62% reduction in egg hatch, which was unexpected because pyrethroids are not usually considered to be ovicidal (Khater et al, 2009). Notably, essential oil of camphor was the least effective (LC 50 of 8.6%) of the oils tested in vitro against B. ocellatus by Talbert & Wall (2012).…”

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of essential oils in veterinary ectoparasite control: a review

Ellse

Wall

2013

Medical Vet Entomology

123

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There is a growing body of evidence indicating the potential value of essential oils as control agents against a range of arthropod ectoparasites, particularly lice, mites and ticks. Toxicity has been demonstrated following immersion and physical contact with treated surfaces, as well as after exposure to the vapour of these oils; the last of these factors implies that there is a neurotoxic, rather than simply a mechanical, pathway in their mode of action. However, the volatile nature of essential oils suggests that their residual activity is likely to be short-lived. A possible advantage of essential oils over conventional ectoparasite treatments may refer to their reported ovicidal efficacy, although it is unclear whether this results from neurotoxicity or mechanical suffocation. There are many difficulties in comparing the findings of existing studies of essential oil toxicity. One major issue is the wide variation among batches in the relative concentrations of oil constituents. A second issue concerns the fact that many experimental designs make it difficult to confirm that the effect seen is attributable to the oil; in many cases inappropriate controls mean that the effects of the excipient on mortality cannot be distinguished. Hence, it is important that an excipient-only control is always included in these bioassays. Furthermore, in direct contact assays, when attempting to identify the toxicity pathway of the essential oil tested, it is important to include a hydrophobic control. Without this, it is impossible to distinguish simple mechanical effects from neurological or other cellular toxicity. The use of essential oils in the control of veterinary ectoparasites is an area which holds considerable potential for the future and research into their use is still at an early stage. More extensive field trials, the standardization of components, the standardization of extraction, the standardization of good experimental design, mammalian toxicology profiling and excipient development, as well as further investigation into the residual activities and shelf-lives of these oils are all required to allow the full realization of their potential.

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Section: Fliescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Licementioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of essential oils in veterinary ectoparasite control: a review

Ellse

Wall

2013

Medical Vet Entomology

123

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“…The same oils repelled flies (Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans, and Hippobosca equine) infecting buffaloes for almost 6 days post-treatment. No adverse effects were noted on either animals or on pour-on operators after exposure to the applied oils [13]. A patented natural repellent based on nepetalactone and dihydronepetalactone obtained from Nepeta cataria that is effective against cockroaches, mosquitoes, mites, ticks, and other household insects [27,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%