“…The responsibility to avoid ambiguity in their textual content underscores their obligation to adhere to rigorous standards [15]. Due to its demanding nature, doctoral writing has been studied by many researchers and it has been approached from different perspectives, including supervisory [16][17][18], pedagogical [2,3,[19][20][21][22][23][24], and contextual perspectives ( [25][26][27][28][29][30], as well as what challenges they pose [1,23,31], how they impact students' well-being [32,33] and development over time [34,35]. However, very few studies have explored how NNES doctoral students' self-perceived their EAW abilities at the starting point and at a later point in their PhD studies.…”