Low-carbohydrate vegan diets in diabetes for weight loss and sustainability: a randomized controlled trial

Jenkins, David; Jones, Peter J H; Abdullah, Mohammad; Lamarche, Benoı̂t; Faulkner, Dorothea; Patel, Darshna; Sahye-Pudaruth, Sandhya; Paquette, Melanie; Bashyam, Balachandran; Pichika, Sathish Chandra; Kavanagh, Meaghan; Patel, Pooja; Liang, Fred; Brown, Ramon; Zhao, Tiffany; Phan, Mila; Mathiyalagan, Gajuna; Tandon, Shilpa; Vuksan, Vlad; Jovanovski, Elena; Sievenpiper, John L.; Kendall, Cyril W.C.; Leiter, Lawrence A.; Josse, Robert G.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac203

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Finally, the researchers evaluated various health benefits (e.g., BM loss, effect on cardiovascular/type 2 diabetes risk factors and disease outcomes) and potential risks or limitations of recently trendy dietary patterns (i.e., low-carbohydrate, high-fat (ketogenic) diet [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], Mediterranean diet [ 57 , 58 ], vegetarian diet [ 56 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ] and omnivorous diet [ 21 , 66 ]). The weight of evidence strongly supports a balanced (well-designed) diet and simultaneously allows for various variations and interpretations of research results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Status of Slovene Adults in the Post-COVID-19 Epidemic Period

Jakše

Godnov

Pinter

2022

EJIHPE

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Background: Monitoring nutritional status data in the adult population is extremely important to mediate their health status. Unfortunately, for Slovenia (2.1 million European Union citizens), data on the body composition status of the general adult population are currently rare or nonexistent in scientific journals. Furthermore, dietary intake was last assessed several years before the COVID-19 epidemic period. Methods: We randomly recruited 844 adult Slovenes from all regions of Slovenia. The primary aim of the cross-sectional study was to examine body composition status (using a medically approved electrical bioimpedance monitor) during the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. In addition, we assessed dietary intake (using a standardized food frequency questionnaire) and compared the obesity propensity for both sexes separately using the body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (FAT%) obesity classification of the World Health Organization. Results: Regarding BMI classification, 43% of the whole sample was overweight (28%) or obese (15%), and there were more older adults than adults (64% vs. 42%, p < 0.001). The average FAT% of adult females and males was 26.9% and 19.5% (p < 0.001), respectively, while for older adult females and males, it was 32.7% and 23% (p < 0.001). In addition, a comparison of the proportions of obese people between the two cut-off obesity classifications (BMI vs. FAT%) showed a significantly underestimated proportion of obese female participants based on BMI classification (13% vs. 17%, p = 0.005). In terms of the dietary intake of the assessed nutrients in comparison with the national dietary reference values for energy and nutrient intake, the participants, on average, had lower intake than the recommended values for carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins C, D and E (for males) and calcium, and higher intake than the recommended values for total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, sodium and chloride (for males). Conclusions: The results urgently call for the need to not only improve the overall national nutritional status but also for regular national monitoring of body composition and dietary intake statuses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Status of Slovene Adults in the Post-COVID-19 Epidemic Period

Jakše

Godnov

Pinter

2022

EJIHPE

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“…Evidence indicates that reducing portion size and adopting plant-forward diets, particularly those low in processed items, can be effective strategies for those who wish to reduce weight or avoid weight gain over time. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Both approaches can also support health regardless of body composition.…”

Section: (A) (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, these studies find that reducing red meat (followed by other meats and dairy) and/or kilocalories leads to the greatest impact on GHGe goals and that compliance with dietary guidelines alone may not result in GHGe reduction 33 . Multiple studies have found that plant‐based and lower‐footprint diets can support weight loss and improved health outcomes 34–39 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 Multiple studies have found that plant-based and lower-footprint diets can support weight loss and improved health outcomes. [34][35][36][37][38][39] There has been little study on the environmental impacts of specific commercial weight-loss diet plans. We identified only four studies examining the environmental effects of weight-loss diet regimes based on their provided materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commercial weight‐loss diets, greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption

Neff,

Ramsing,

Kim

2023

J Human Nutrition Diet

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BackgroundWeight‐loss attempts are widespread in the United States, with many using commercial weight‐loss diet plans for guidance and support. Accordingly, dietary suggestions within these plans influence the nation's food‐related environmental footprint.MethodsWe modelled United States (US) per capita greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and water footprints associated with seven commercial weight‐loss diets, the US baseline, and selected other dietary patterns. We characterised consumption in commercial weight‐loss diets both via modelling from provided guidelines and based on specific foods in 1‐week meal plans. Cradle‐to‐farmgate GHGe and water footprints were assessed using a previously developed model. GHGe results were compared to the EAT‐Lancet 2050 target. Water footprints were compared to the US baseline.ResultsWeight‐loss diets had GHGe footprints on average 4.4 times the EAT‐Lancet target recommended for planetary health (range: 2.4–8.5 times). Bovine meat was by far the largest contributor of GHGe in most diets that included it. Three commercial diets had water footprints above the US baseline. Low caloric intake in some diets compensated for the relative increases in GHGe‐ and water‐intensive foods.ConclusionsDietary patterns suggested by marketing materials and guidelines from commercial weight‐loss diets can have high GHGe and water footprints, particularly if caloric limits are exceeded. Commercial diet plan guidance can be altered to support planetary and individual health, including describing what dietary patterns can jointly support environmental sustainability and weight loss.

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“…AE-S holds shares in Nutrigenomix Inc., however, this did not play a role in AE-S position as a co-author and does not alter our adherence to Frontiers' policies on sharing data and materials. DJ has worked with and had research funded by the food industry (see Jenkins et al, 2022). SM has no conflicts of interest to declare.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation in 9p21, dietary patterns, and insulin sensitivity

2022

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Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 9p21 region have been associated with cardiovascular disease and to a lesser extent insulin sensitivity. Previous studies have focused on older populations, and few have examined the impact of gene-diet interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction between dietary patterns and 9p21 genotypes on insulin sensitivity in young adults from different ethnic groups.Methods: Subjects were 1,333 participants aged 20–29 years from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study (405 men and 928 women; 776 Caucasians and 557 East Asians). Fasting blood was collected to measure glucose, insulin, c-reactive protein and serum lipids, as well as to isolate DNA for genotyping subjects for five SNPs in 9p21 (rs10757274, rs10757278, rs1333049, rs2383206, and rs4977574). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell dysfunction (HOMA-Beta) were calculated from fasting insulin and glucose concentrations. The Toronto-modified Harvard 196-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure dietary intake over 1 month and principal components analysis was used to identify three dietary patterns (Prudent, Western and Eastern). ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to examine gene-diet interactions on markers of insulin sensitivity.Results: Significant gene-diet interactions on insulin sensitivity using HOMA-IR were observed with all five SNPs, which remained significant after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). Among those who were homozygous for the 9p21 risk allele (rs1333049), fasting insulin was 40% higher in those who were consuming a low-prudent diet compared to those consuming a high-prudent diet (p < 0.05). No differences were observed between those following a low versus high-prudent diet among those who did not carry a 9p21 risk allele. Similar findings were observed with HOMA-Beta, however, the association was only significant for rs10757274 (p = 0.04).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a prudent dietary pattern may protect against the effects of 9p21 risk genotypes on insulin sensitivity.

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Low-carbohydrate vegan diets in diabetes for weight loss and sustainability: a randomized controlled trial

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Nutritional Status of Slovene Adults in the Post-COVID-19 Epidemic Period

Nutritional Status of Slovene Adults in the Post-COVID-19 Epidemic Period

Commercial weight‐loss diets, greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption

Genetic variation in 9p21, dietary patterns, and insulin sensitivity

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