Low-carbon optimal planning of an integrated energy station considering combined power-to-gas and gas-fired units equipped with carbon capture systems

Eco‐environmental operation of energy hub considering uncertainties of supply/demand‐side resources with introducing a novel optimization algorithm

“…In addition to natural gas, the hydrogen obtained from the first process can be separately used. It should be noted that the hydrogen production process is much more efficient than the whole PtG process [43]. The produced hydrogen can be also sold in the hydrogen market or hydrogen based industries.…”

“…The electrical and heat power produced by CHP units is subjected to constraint, which should be restricted between upper and lower bounds [43]. The electric power loss can be presented as follows.…”

“…Therefore, the surplus energy in each hub can be converted into the natural gas in some hours using PtG, which can be utilized to produce electricity or heat in other hours. The process of converting electricity into gas by PtG includes two main steps [43]. First, the water electrolysis process is performed using electricity and water is converted into oxygen and hydrogen gases.…”

“…The electrical and heat power produced by CHP units is subjected to constraint, which should be restricted between upper and lower bounds [43]. $$$$\begin{equation}P_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^{{\mathrm{Min}}} \le P_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^j(t) \le P_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^{{\mathrm{Max}}}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}H_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^{{\mathrm{Min}}} \le H_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^j(t) \le H_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^{{\mathrm{Max}}}\end{equation}$$$$where$$P_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^j{\mathrm{(}}t{\mathrm{)}}$$ and $$H_{{\mathrm{CHP}}}^j{\mathrm{(}}t{\mathrm{)}}$$ are the electric and heat generation capacity of the CHP unit at time t , respectively.…”

Key technologies for hybrid energy system planning and operation

“…In the field of RIES low-carbon operation, relevant studies mostly focus on the regulatory means and economic mechanisms such as carbon capture, carbon storage, and carbon trading. In the work of Dong et al (2022), a carbon capture model combined with power-to-gas and gasfired units was installed, which effectively minimized the carbon cost of the total system through the improved energy hub formulation. In the work of device with pollutant treatments and carbon capture systems (CCSs) was regarded as the structure of an evolutionary IES, which significantly improved renewable energy penetration under different specifications.…”