Low cholesterol is associated with depression among US household population

Tedders, Stuart H.; Fokong, Kunuwo; McKenzie, Lindsey E.; Wesley, Cholrelia; Yu, Lili; Zhang, Jian

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.045

Cited by 83 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Secondly, it may point to pathophysiological differences between male and female depression. Parallel to our sex-specific findings for HDL-cholesterol levels, previous studies on the association between cholesterol levels and depression also demonstrated sexspecific effects (Tedders et al, 2011;Ancelin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptom profiles—Sex-specific?

Marijnissen

Smits

Schoevers

et al. 2013

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptom profiles—Sex-specific?

Marijnissen

Smits

Schoevers

et al. 2013

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…The reason for the positive association between symptom severity and HDL‐C is unclear, particularly since HDL‐C has anti‐inflammatory properties 46 and recent evidence suggests that use of cholesterol improving medication is associated with improved mental health 47. Nevertheless, the findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating that depressive symptoms and suicidality are associated with lowered total cholesterol and higher HDL‐C,48, 49 although heterogeneity between studies is high and the effect is not always observed 50, 51. Overall, people with psychopathology may have a more nuanced risk pattern across metabolic syndrome components, rather than increased risk of metabolic abnormalities across the board.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Bidirectional Prospective Associations of Metabolic Syndrome Components With Depression, Anxiety, and Antidepressant Use

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMetabolic syndrome components—waist circumference, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides, systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose—are cross‐sectionally associated with depression and anxiety with differing strength. Few studies examine the relationships over time or whether antidepressants have independent effects.MethodsParticipants were from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA; N = 2,776; 18–65 years; 66% female). At baseline, 2‐ and 6‐year follow‐up, participants completed diagnostic interviews, depression and anxiety symptom inventories, antidepressant use assessment, and measurements of the five metabolic syndrome components. Data were analyzed for the consistency of associations between psychopathology indicators and metabolic syndrome components across the three assessment waves, and whether psychopathology or antidepressant use at one assessment predicts metabolic dysregulation at the next and vice versa.ResultsConsistently across waves, psychopathology was associated with generally poorer values of metabolic syndrome components, particularly waist circumference and triglycerides. Stronger associations were observed for psychopathology symptom severity than diagnosis. Antidepressant use was independently associated with higher waist circumference, triglycerides and number of metabolic syndrome abnormalities, and lower HDL‐C. Symptom severity and antidepressant use were associated with subsequently increased number of abnormalities, waist circumference, and glucose after 2 but not 4 years. Conversely, there was little evidence that metabolic syndrome components were associated with subsequent psychopathology outcomes.ConclusionsSymptom severity and antidepressant use were independently associated with metabolic dysregulation consistently over time and also had negative consequences for short‐term metabolic health. This is of concern given the chronicity of depression and anxiety and prevalence of antidepressant treatment.

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“…Meta-analysis of studies modeling serum LDL as a categorical measure was conducted using high serum LDL as the reference group. For studies reporting low serum LDL as the reference group (Katon, Lin et al 2004, Almeida, Flicker et al 2007, Tedders, Fokong et al 2011), the inverse of the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was calculated to reflect high serum LDL as the reference group. The threshold used to define low LDL varied by study, including cutpoints of 89 mg/dL (men) and 92 mg/dL (women) (Tedders, Fokong et al 2011), 116 mg/dL (Lehto, Hintikka et al 2008, Lehto, Niskanen et al 2010, Lehto, Ruusunen et al 2010), 118 mg/dL (men) and 120 mg/dL (women) (Ancelin, Carriere et al 2010), 130 mg/dL (Katon, Lin et al 2004, Ji-Rong, Bi-Rong et al 2009), 131 mg/dL (Almeida, Flicker et al 2007), and 158 mg/dL (Liang, Yan et al 2014), with cutpoints differing between studies by as much as 69 mg/dL.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and serum low-density lipoprotein: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Persons

Fiedorowicz

2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background: A cross-sectional association between depression and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been noted in the literature. This study aims to employ meta-analytic techniques to clarify the relationship between depression and serum LDL. Methods: Published articles through April 2015 were identified through systematic query of PubMed with follow-up manual searches. Data from 36 studies reporting mean difference and 7 studies reporting odds ratios were analyzed separately. Results: Meta-analysis of studies modeling serum LDL as a continuous measure demonstrates overall significantly lower serum LDL in depression (Mean difference=−4.29, 95% CI=−8.19, −0.40, p=0.03). Meta-analysis of studies modeling serum LDL as a categorical measure demonstrates a marginally significant lower odds of depression in the presence of low serum LDL relative to high serum LDL (OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.80, 1.01, p=0.08). Limitations: High heterogeneity was noted across sampled studies, which may be a function of variations in study design, participants sampled, or other factors. The potential for publication bias was also assessed. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates a cross-sectional link between depression and low serum LDL.

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Low cholesterol is associated with depression among US household population

Cited by 83 publications

References 50 publications

Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptom profiles—Sex-specific?

Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptom profiles—Sex-specific?

Bidirectional Prospective Associations of Metabolic Syndrome Components With Depression, Anxiety, and Antidepressant Use

Depression and serum low-density lipoprotein: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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