“…This can be particularly challenging when conducting tests in remote, resource-poor rural areas and field environments, where inadequate infrastructure frequently presents the greatest hindrance to environmental monitoring. Generally, conventional methods of pollutant detection rely on expensive laboratory equipment and specialized expertise, including sample collection and laboratory analysis using techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), label-free electrical immunosensor, biosensing, − mass spectrometry, and so on. − Despite these methods showing promising accuracy and sensitivity, the need for developing robust and portable sensing strategies with high sensitivity remains imperative, particularly for big data analysis in low-resource rural areas. Visual inspection platforms, including infiltrated visual detection, optical detection, and portable instrument-based detection, have been deemed promising portable detection strategies. − These platforms provide easily and intuitively readable detection signals without the need for complex and time-consuming laboratory instrument analysis. , Among visual inspection platforms, wettability-based portable sensing systems are gaining increasing attention due to their ultrasensitivity, low cost, ease of use, and fast sensing procedure.…”