Low-Cost GRIN-Lens-Based Nephelometric Turbidity Sensing in the Range of 0.1–1000 NTU

Metzger, Michael; Konrad, Alexander; Blendinger, Felix; Modler, Andreas; Meixner, Alfred J.; Bucher, Volker; Brecht, Marc

doi:10.3390/s18041115

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Publications showcasing the ‘build-it-yourself’ approach often present the methodology and schematics for a functioning sensor, followed by a brief reflection on accuracy and future applications (e.g. Beddows and Mallon, 2018; Khanfar et al, 2017; Metzger et al, 2018). These guides rarely comment on the time commitment, however.…”

Section: Common Pitfalls Lessons Learned and Best Practice Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: Pitfalls and opportunities

Chan

Schillereff

Baas

et al. 2020

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Repeat observations underpin our understanding of environmental processes, but financial constraints often limit scientists’ ability to deploy dense networks of conventional commercial instrumentation. Rapid growth in the Internet-Of-Things (IoT) and the maker movement is paving the way for low-cost electronic sensors to transform global environmental monitoring. Accessible and inexpensive sensor construction is also fostering exciting opportunities for citizen science and participatory research. Drawing on 6 years of developmental work with Arduino-based open-source hardware and software, extensive laboratory and field testing, and incorporation of such technology into active research programmes, we outline a series of successes, failures and lessons learned in designing and deploying environmental sensors. Six case studies are presented: a water table depth probe, air and water quality sensors, multi-parameter weather stations, a time-sequencing lake sediment trap, and a sonic anemometer for monitoring sand transport. Schematics, code and purchasing guidance to reproduce our sensors are described in the paper, with detailed build instructions hosted on our King’s College London Geography Environmental Sensors Github repository and the FreeStation project website. We show in each case study that manual design and construction can produce research-grade scientific instrumentation (mean bias error for calibrated sensors –0.04 to 23%) for a fraction of the conventional cost, provided rigorous, sensor-specific calibration and field testing is conducted. In sharing our collective experiences with build-it-yourself environmental monitoring, we intend for this paper to act as a catalyst for physical geographers and the wider environmental science community to begin incorporating low-cost sensor development into their research activities. The capacity to deploy denser sensor networks should ultimately lead to superior environmental monitoring at the local to global scales.

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Section: Common Pitfalls Lessons Learned and Best Practice Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: Pitfalls and opportunities

Chan

Schillereff

Baas

et al. 2020

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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“…From the developments and improvements of the measurement method based on electronic sensor to the developments of turbidity level determinations involving the computational approaches through the image processing techniques. Previous researchers have tried to improve the performance of the turbidity measurement instrument by combining with the photodetector / photodiode (the detector) with several types of light sources such as infrared light emitting diode (LED) and utilization of GRINephy in a light source and the photodetector [9], [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbidity Level Prediction Based on Suspended Particle Counting Through Image Processing Approach

Wikaningrum¹,

Alvasa²,

Panelin³

et al. 2021

JSE

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Monitoring of pollutant concentrations in surface water becomes a concern, considering the utilization of surface water as the raw water for drinking water treatment plants (WTP). The fluctuation of pollutant concentrations in surface water can affect the performance of WTP. This research was conducted to assess the potential for turbidity level prediction based on the calculation of the number and surface area of suspended particles through a digital image processing approach. Measurements of the amount and surface area were carried out in the form of laboratory-scale experiments using the open source software ImageJ 1.46r. The algorithm in ImageJ can convert pixels into a number “value” and surface area through a series of digital image processing steps, henceforth compared with the existing measurement method. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the number of particles and the concentration of formazine suspension (r = 0.9821), but does not apply to the surface area. Referring to the results of laboratory experiments, it can be concluded that the approach to measure the number of suspended particles can be the basis for predicting the turbidity level in the turbidity range 100-800 NTU, but does not apply to the turbidity range 0.02-20 NTU.

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“…Turbidity monitoring is an important method of quality control, widely used in many food, chemical, pharmaceutical and processing industries [1]. The analyzes of this property can be applied in the quality monitoring of a variety of fluids, ranging from the raw materials to the resulting processed goods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…any commercial turbidimeters are based on the nephelometry principle, with prices ranging from a few hundred to several thousand US dollars. In this scenario, the development of a low-cost device that is able to measure the turbidity of a sample in a curvette holder becomes a subject of interest [6,7,1]. Aisopou, Stoianov, and Graham [8] developed a single beam turbidimeter, with scattered light detection, to be installed directly in a water distribution line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a low-cost portable turbidimeter for processes

Sperandio¹,

S.²,

Andrade³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Turbidity is a physical property related to the scattering of light by particles that are suspended in a liquid. Commercial turbidimeters are priced at the range of hundreds to thousands of dollars. Considering this scenario, it is proposed in this work the development of a low-cost portable turbidimeter for monitoring of turbidity in processes. An infrared LED was used as light emitter, and an infrared phototransistor as light receiver. The signal processing control unit was developed with the Arduino Uno platform. The calibration of the turbidimeter was done by means of a comparative test in triplicate, using as reference the commercial turbidimeter 2100P, HACH®. The turbidimeter was able to perform analysis in the range of 100 to 1000 NTU, presenting an innovation character given its portability and computer communication via USB, and in a good price range for the prototype, costing US$ 46.30.

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Low-Cost GRIN-Lens-Based Nephelometric Turbidity Sensing in the Range of 0.1–1000 NTU

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: Pitfalls and opportunities

Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: Pitfalls and opportunities

Turbidity Level Prediction Based on Suspended Particle Counting Through Image Processing Approach

Development of a low-cost portable turbidimeter for processes

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