Low-Cost Microwave Sensor for Characterization and Adulteration Detection in Edible Oil

Abstract

A low-cost microwave sensor was designed for oil adulteration detection and characterization of pure edible oil using dielectric spectroscopy. The sensor’s final design was fabricated on a low cost 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a combination of a complementary split ring resonator and a transmission line. The sensor’s dimensions were 35 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 with a substrate dielectric constant of 4.3. A 5.25 GHz resonance frequency was selected as a reference for characterization and adulteration detection in pure edible oil. Initially, pure olive, caster, flaxseed, and mustard oil were characterized by the design sensors, with frequency shifts of 250, 370, 150, and 320 MHz, respectively. Pure olive oil with adulteration of castor, mustard, and argemone oil, was tested by placing the samples directly on the sensor. The experimental results showed that the sensor can detect 10% to 30% adulteration in the olive oil. The maximum sensitivity, frequency shift and quality factor were noted as 4.6, 530 MHz and 39, respectively. The high values of sensitivity and quality factor, along with agreement between simulated and experimental results, makes our sensor a good candidate for oil characterization and adulteration detection.

Microwave-Based Electrochemical Sensor Design by SRR Approach for ISM Sensing Applications

“…The selected operating frequency in the study [33] is also similar with the proposed one, but the size of the sensing system in this study is lower than the sensor in [33]. Beside this, due to the higher wavelength, the proposed study will be affected less with respect to the studies [25,34,35].…”

“…The drawback of this study is very high resonance frequency which can be affected by any circumference changes and results in abnormal shifts. Characterization and adulteration detection in edible oil has been performed by using microwave sensor [25]. In the study, the resonance frequency, bandwidth, and resonance shift are 5.25 GHz, 180 MHz, and 200 MHz, respectively.…”

“…Bhatti et al determined the quality factor and sensitivity values for several oil samples. According to their findings, the suggested inexpensive sensor can be utilized in real-world scenarios with high accuracy to characterise edible oils and identify adulteration [25]. Also, planar CSRR sensor structure has been suggested to analyse various transformer oil samples by Srivastava et al The operating frequency has been selected as 2.94 GHz.…”

Notice of Removal & Expression of Concern "Conventional Planar Chiral Structures to Realize Meta-Mirror with Polarization Conservation and Circular Dichroism"

“…Recently, Mai et al has demonstrated a 3D structure to reflect one handedness of circularly polarized light and absorbing the opposite handedness [58]. Moreover, to avoid the complex fabrication procedures, few works reported on single layer structures to design meta-mirror [59][60]. To the best of our knowledge, all the reported works on meta-mirrors either have fabrication complexities or low reflection efficiency.…”

Tungsten Supported Plasmonic Nanoscale Absorber for Solar Thermal Photovoltaics Applications

“…A remarkable interest has been sparked into renewable energy because of the increasing demand for energy [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These resources have the potential to furnish the modern energy demands while retaining features of cost-effectiveness and minimal negative environmental impact [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. One of the most promising candidates of renewable energy is the solar energy, which can be transformed into heat, electricity, and photochemical reactions from continuous solar irradiation [16][17][18][19][20].…”