The
feeble photoinduced charge separation ability of pristine graphitic
carbon nitride largely reduces its photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
and thereby limits its practical application. Herein to increase effective
charge separation in the graphitic carbon nitride system, consecutive
modifications have been made with dual doping of sodium and sulfur
followed by grafting of a VO(acac)2 complex. The efficient
doping and subsequent grafting in the novel photocatalyst VNS-GC was
verified by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy,
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A higher absorbance intensity
and lower band gap, photoluminescence intensity, and EIS spectrum
ensure a more elevated photocatalytic efficiency in VNS-GC than pristine
graphitic carbon nitride (GC). The greater efficiency of the as-synthesized
catalyst over bulk GC was experimentally employed through photocatalytic
hydrogen production. It was found that the H2 production
using VNS-GC was at 310.63 μmol g–1 h–1 which was 4.3 times higher than that with GC. A higher
photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency was predominantly
attributed to the lower recombination rate of the charge carriers
as is also evident from TR-PL and Nquist plots, thus overcoming the
structural limitations in GC. Moreover, the VNS-GC catalyst was also
found to have good stability through repeated cycles of experiments.