Low-cost sensor array design optimization based on planar electromagnetic sensor design for detecting nitrate and sulphate

Techniques in Advancing the Capabilities of Various Nitrate Detection Methods: A Review

“…It is reported that PESA has the ability to detect and estimate nitrate in water samples [3,6,7,19,48,49,76].…”

“…The advantages and disadvantages of PESA are summarised in Table 13. A novel planar electromagnetic sensor and thorough study were considered for nitrate detection in aqueous water [6,7] . Two samples such as sodium nitrates and ammonium nitrates were used to study the sensor behaviour [7].…”

“…A novel planar electromagnetic sensor and thorough study were considered for nitrate detection in aqueous water [6,7] . Two samples such as sodium nitrates and ammonium nitrates were used to study the sensor behaviour [7]. The best sensor was determined by investigating the sensor performance based on two arrangements: series connection and parallel connection.…”

“…Detection system Spectrophotometric [5] Spectrophotometric [6] Chemiluminescence [7] Spectrophotometric [8] Spectrophoto -metric [9] [60,62,64] *Rapid measurement [60,66,67] *Low-cost system [60,67] *High throughput [60,62,66,64] *Easy to assemble [60] *Easy to operate [61] *Optimum sensitivity [66] *Good sensitivity [61,66,67] *Good repeatability [66] *Low reagent consumption [60,62,66] *Minimum waste generation [66] *Minimum man power/labour to run the experiment [60,62] *Exposure to hazardous reagents such as cadmium [60,62] *Interference of other contaminants such as phosphate, Co (11) and Fe(111) [60,62,66] *Tedious procedure for reagent preparation Near-to-surface properties such as conductivity, dielectric and permeability of an analyte solution can be determined via PESA. It is reported that PESA has the ability to detect and estimate nitrate in water samples [3,6,7,19,48,49,…”

“…Hence, the total impedances of the electromagnetic sensor will change according to the sensor configuration and therefore lead to sensitivity changes. As a result, many workers have invented new configurations of sensors with high sensitivity [6,7].…”