Low-cost solid catalyst derived from waste Cyrtopleura costata (Angel Wing Shell) for biodiesel production using microalgae oil

Abstract

a b s t r a c tIn the present work, Cyrtopleura costata (Angel Wing Shell) is used for the first time to synthesis of CaO. The produced CaO was utilized as a catalyst for biodiesel production from microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata oil. The Angel Wing Shell (AWS) was calcined at 800°C and 900°C for 2 h to convert CaCO 3 to activate metal oxide phase. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Temperature programmed desorption of CO 2 (CO 2 -TPD), BET surface area and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The calcined Angel Wing Shell at 900°C (CAWS 900) was chosen as the best catalyst due to its high basicity and surface area. This also corresponded to optimization condition where, CAWS 900 showed highest FAME yield (84.11%) at oil to methanol molar ratio 1:150 and catalyst loading of 9 wt.% in 1 h reaction time. The CAWS 900 catalyst also can be reused more than three times with FAME yield greater than 65%. Overall, AWS appears to be an acceptable solid catalyst to convert microalgae oil to biodiesel.

Seashell-derived mixed compounds of Ca, Zn and Al as active and stable catalysts for the transesterification of palm oil with methanol to biodiesel

“…The maximum FAME yield (98.0 ± 1.60%) was achieved at 3 h with a 10 wt% catalyst. That this was a slightly higher FAME yield than that with a 15 wt% catalyst loading might be related to catalyst agglomeration [8,16,19]. With a 10 wt% catalyst loading, at a 20:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, the FAME yield increased with time and reached 94.6 ± 2.50 wt% within 4 h (Fig.…”

“…This calcium aluminate phase has a low basicity [12], but can improve the mechanical and chemical stability of the calcium-based catalysts [22]. Overall, the as-synthesized ZSA consisted of Zn 5 (OH) 8 3 . The presence of both mixed oxide phases indicated a strong interaction of the basic oxides with the Al 2 O 3 support.…”

“…2). The first weight loss stage in the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curve (<100°C) was related to the evaporation of residual moisture, whilst the weight losses in the range of 120-220°C were related to the Zn(OH) 8 …”

“…Calcium oxide (CaO) is a promising catalyst because of its high basicity, fast reaction rate, low toxicity and low cost. The sources for CaO catalyst preparation are available in abundance, for example natural calcium rocks, as calcite and dolomite [5], and waste calcium materials, such as abalone [6], duck eggs [7] and angel wing shell [8]. However, CaO is successively transformed to calcium methoxide and calcium glyceroxides (Ca(C 3 H 7 O 3 ) 2 ) during use [9].…”

Advancement in the Utilization of Biomass-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production

“…The reusability test of the catalyst ensure 5 times reaction cycles. Moreover, Buasri et al [69] Cyrtopleura costata (Angel wing shell) was utilized as heterogeneous catalyst in the conversion of microalgae oil for biodiesel synthesis by Osman et al [70].…”