Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

Abstract

Abstract

TNF inhibitors exert a “hidden” beneficial effect in the cardiovascular lipoprotein profile of RA patients

“…According our results, the only relevant change observed in the TNFi subset of patients in the LDL composition was a signi cant increase of triglycerides. Although, the triglyceride enrichment of theses particle might be associated to less penetration and deposit of particles under endothelium, and consequently a decrease in the cardiovascular risk, this fact has not yet clearly established (35). We did also observe a non-signi cant increase in the number of particles in patients treated with TNFi, which is di cult to interpret at this moment.…”

Impact of A Two-Year Trial of Nutritional Ketosis on Indices of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

“…Given the stronger association of small versus large LDL particles with CVD risk (23)(24)(25)(26), it remains possible that the reduction of very small LDL and other features of atherogenic dyslipidemia in the CCI group might lead to improvement in atherosclerosis measures with a longer-term intervention. A bene t of the dietary intervention on CVD risk might also be predicted by the observed reductions in remnant cholesterol (28), as well as the increases in HDL-C and the HDL protein ApoAI, (39,40), although recent studies have called into question whether reduced CVD risk can be reliably inferred by an increase in HDL-C (41,42).…”

Identification of Susceptibility Loci for Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Hypertension, Diabetes and Dyslipidemia 

“…Lipid oxidation is thought to be an important determinant of atherosclerosis, which leads to CVD; moreover, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low levels of highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with MI and stroke in DL. [8] Endothelial dysfunction, vascular in ammation, arterial remodeling, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and obesity are common risk factors for CVD in HTN and DM. In addition, upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, in ammation, and activation of the immune system contribute to the close relationship between DM, HTN, and CVD.…”