Low dietary sodium is anxiogenic in rats

Leshem, Micah

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.025

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Patients with a decreased sense of well-being and chronic fatigue responded favorably to ␤-antagonists or mineralocorticoid administration along with increased dietary sodium (41). Furthermore, several animal studies report that reduced body sodium is associated with anhedonia (inability to derive pleasure from normally enjoyable activities), anxiety, decreased physical activity, and abnormal cardiovascular parameters such as increased resting heart rate, reduced heart rate variability, and exaggerated cardiovascular response to stressors (115,118,195).…”

Section: Autonomic Nervous System Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

Golbidi

Frisbee

Laher

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

178

132

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Section: Autonomic Nervous System Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

Golbidi

Frisbee

Laher

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

178

132

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“…However, if rats are subjected to treatments that induce anhedonia, such as exposure to various stressors, they will exhibit reduced sucrose intake [107]. It is also interesting to note that the exposure to stressors can reduce salt intake as well [77]. It has been reasoned that the reduction in sucrose consumption is essentially caused by the reduced pleasure rats get from ingesting these solutions.…”

Section: Negative Effects Of Sodium Depletion On Psychological Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium deficiency reduces palatable sucrose consumption in rats [52, 77]. Similarly, sodium depletion also reduces lever-pressing for ICSS [97].…”

Section: Negative Effects Of Sodium Depletion On Psychological Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biopsychology of salt hunger and sodium deficiency

Hurley

Johnson

2015

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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Sodium is a necessary dietary macromineral that tended to be sparsely distributed in mankind’s environment in the past. Evolutionary selection pressure shaped physiological mechanisms including hormonal systems and neural circuits that serve to promote sodium ingestion. Sodium deficiency triggers the activation of these hormonal systems and neural circuits to engage motivational processes that elicit a craving for salty substances and a state of reward when salty foods are consumed. Sodium deficiency also appears to be associated with aversive psychological states including anhedonia, impaired cognition, and fatigue. Under certain circumstances the psychological processes that promote salt intake can become powerful enough to cause “salt gluttony,” or salt intake far in excess of physiological need. The present review discusses three aspects of the biopsychology of salt hunger and sodium deficiency: 1) the psychological processes that promote salt intake during sodium deficiency, 2) the effects of sodium deficiency on mood and cognition, and 3) the sensitization of sodium appetite as a possible cause of salt gluttony.

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“…As mentioned, the secretion of Ang-II, ALDO, AVP, and OT are heavily influenced by the pNa + , and therefore, it is possible that alterations in body sodium levels affect stress responding and anxiety-like behavior through manipulation of these neuroendocrine signals. In this regard, previous work from our group and others have found that sodium depletion is anxiogenic [7] but acute salt loading is anxiolytic and dampens stress responsiveness in laboratory rats [8] [9]. While the changes in the pNa + are found to influence mood and stress responding in rats, whether these effects generalize to mice, and therefore, allow the use of the genetic manipulations that mouse models afford to investigate central mechanism(s) underlying the stress limiting effects of acute hypernatremia has not been evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute hypernatremia promotes anxiolysis and attenuates stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in male mice

Smith¹,

Wang²,

Hiller³

et al. 2014

Physiology & Behavior

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Previous investigation by our laboratory found that acute hypernatremia potentiates an oxytocinergic tone that inhibits parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), attenuates restraint-induced surges in corticosterone (CORT), and reduces anxiety-like behavior in male rats. To investigate the neural mechanisms mediating these effects and extend our findings to a more versatile species, we repeated our studies using laboratory mice. In response to 2.0 M NaCl injections, mice had increased plasma sodium concentrations which were associated with a blunted rise in CORT subsequent to restraint challenge relative to 0.15 M NaCl injected controls. Immunofluorescent identification of the immediate early gene product Fos found that 2.0 M NaCl treatment increased the number of activated neurons producing oxytocin in the PVN. To evaluate the effect of acute hypernatremia on PVN neurons producing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), we used the Cre-lox system to generate mice that produced the red fluorescent protein, tdTomato, in cells that had Cre-recombinase activity driven by CRH gene expression. Analysis of brain tissue from these CRH-reporter mice revealed 2.0 M NaCl treatment caused a dramatic reduction in Fos-positive nuclei specifically in CRH-producing PVN neurons. This altered pattern of activity was predictive of alleviated anxiety-like behavior as mice administered 2.0 M NaCl spent more time exploring the open arms of an elevated-plus maze than 0.15 M NaCl treated controls. Taken together, these results further implicate an oxytocin-dependent inhibition of CRH neurons in the PVN and demonstrate the impact that slight elevations in plasma sodium have on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis output and anxiety-like behavior.

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Low dietary sodium is anxiogenic in rats

Cited by 18 publications

References 57 publications

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

The biopsychology of salt hunger and sodium deficiency

Acute hypernatremia promotes anxiolysis and attenuates stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in male mice

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