Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs): Reducing Costs in Existing Systems and Designing for the Future

Frostman, Lynn M.; Thieu, V.; Crosby, Daniel; Downs, Hartley H.

doi:10.2118/80269-ms

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition to the treatment costs, transportation costs associated with supplying considerable volumes of methanol, for example, to an oilfield site are highly significant. LDHIs, which can be added in much smaller quantity, therefore, have markedly 15 reduced transportation costs, 29 and hence industry has seen a large push into the development of LDHIs, which can be added in concentrations as low as 0.01-5wt%; it is these species that form the focus of this review. 20 LDHIs can be split broadly into two categories; kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI) and anti-agglomerants (AA).…”

Section: Importance To the Oil Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors

2013

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. This review aims to introduce the chemistry of low dosage inhibitors of clathrate hydrate formation 5 within the context of their role in the oil and gas industry. The review covers both kinetic hydrate inhibitors and anti-agglomerants from the point of view of structure-function relationships, focussing on recent refinements in mechanistic understanding and chemical design, and the consequently evolving and increasingly fine-tuned properties of these fascinating compounds. Clathrate hydrates 10Clathrate hydrates are crystalline, non-stoichiometric host-guest compounds comprising a hydrogen bonded water framework, into which small molecular guest species such as methane are included within cavities formed by the water cages. Because there are no strong directional interactions between guest and host the 15 guests are free to vibrate and rotate but possess limited translational motion. 1 Typically common clathrate hydrates comprise 85 mol% water and 15 mol% guest(s) when all of the cavities are occupied.2 These materials form when the components are subjected to ambient temperatures (generally less 20 than 300 K) and moderate pressures (>0.6 MPa); conditions frequently found in oil and gas pipelines. 3 The initial reporting of gas hydrates is accredited to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1811, who focussed upon the crystallisation 25 of a cold aqueous solution of chlorine (known as oxymuriatic gas at the time). 4 In 1934 a pivotal report by Hammerschmidt acted as a catalyst for stimulating research in this area, by confirming that clathrate hydrates are responsible for the plugging of gas and oil pipelines and thereby dramatically increasing industrial 30 investment and research on the topic. 5 Today clathrate hydrates pose a major problem to the oil and gas industry with pipeline blockage causing many safety concerns in addition to requiring the shutdown of the pipeline for a time 35 whilst the plug is removed. This shutdown period results in reduced field site performance and may cause significant financial loss. Avoidance of pipeline shutdown is a priority to many oil and gas companies, and as such considerable investment is being made into research into clathrate hydrate inhibition to 40 circumvent such potentially catastrophic effects. Problems associated with gas hydrate formation reached the headlines in 2010 due to their destructive effects during BP's efforts to contain the oil spillage after the Deepwater Horizon blowout, thereby illustrating the importance of research in this area. While...

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Section: Importance To the Oil Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, pressure build-up behind the blockage is a significant safety concern. 29 and hence industry has seen a large push into the development of LDHIs, which can be added in concentrations as low as 0.01-5wt%; it is these species that form the focus of this review. …”

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confidence: 99%

The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors

2013

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“…Such additives are called thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) (Sloan, 2003). They have been found to be effective but often require large quantities of the inhibitor (Frostman et al, 2003). Low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LHDIs) attempt to respond to this problem and are commonly categorized as anti-agglomerants (AAs) or kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) (Igboanusi and Opara, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of high driving force on the methane hydrate-polyvinylpyrrolidone system

Posteraro

Verrett

Marić

et al. 2016

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering

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“…The main components are methane and ethane, which are easy to form the structure II of gas hydrates. The natural gas contains 1.73% CO 2 , resulting in hydrate phase equilibrium curves moving to low pressure and high temperature region [25]. The equilibrium temperature for hydrate formation is 15°C at 10 MPa.…”

Section: Introduction Of Gas Production Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and application of a novel combined kinetic hydrate inhibitor

Wang

Lang

et al. 2011

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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In oil and gas exploration and transportation, low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) are more favorably utilized to inhibit the formation of hydrates than thermodynamic inhibitors (THs) as a trend. However, there are no industrial products of LDHIs available domestically, and the corresponding application experience is in urgent need. In this paper, a combined hydrate inhibitor (HY-1) was synthesized after a series of reaction condition optimization, and its performance on THF hydrate inhibition was investigated using kinetic hydrate inhibitor evaluation apparatus with 6 cells bathing in air. The results show that when the reaction temperature is 60°C, the reaction time is 6 h, and the monomer: solvent ratio is 1:2, the product has the best kinetic hydrate inhibitor performance on THF hydrate. On these bases, the scale-up production of this combined hydrate inhibitor was carried out. Although the scale-up product (HY-10) performs less effectively on the THF hydrate inhibition than HY-1, it functions better than a commercial product (Inhibex501) during in-house tests. HY-10 was successfully applied to the gas production process. Field trials in northern Shaanxi PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company (PCOC) show that 2 wt% of HY-10 is effective on natural gas hydrate inhibition. It is found through economic analysis that the use of HY-10 has obvious economical advantage over methanol and Inhibex501. natural gas hydrate, combined hydrate inhibitor, kinetic hydrate inhibitors, natural gas production Citation:Hu J, Wang Y H, Lang X M, et al. Synthesis and application of a novel combined kinetic hydrate inhibitor.

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Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs): Reducing Costs in Existing Systems and Designing for the Future

Cited by 35 publications

References 24 publications

The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors

The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors

The effect of high driving force on the methane hydrate-polyvinylpyrrolidone system

Synthesis and application of a novel combined kinetic hydrate inhibitor

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