Low-environmental-impact Bamboo Toothbrushes Demonstrate Comparable Hygienic Condition to That of Plastic and Biomass Plastic Toothbrushes after Use and Storage

Abstract

The formation of oral biofilms is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of oral infections such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral biofilms are formed by the attachment of initial colonizers to the tooth surface, followed by the attachment and aggregation of a wide variety of oral bacteria to form mature biofilms (1) .Although brushing with a toothbrush can remove oral biofilms (2, 3) , various bacteria have been reported to adhere to toothbrushes following use. These include Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae (4) , Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium (5) , which are