Low-Impedance 3D PEDOT:PSS Ultramicroelectrodes

Jones, Peter D.; Moskalyuk, A. A.; Barthold, Clemens; Gutöhrlein, Katja; Heusel, Gerhard; Schröppel, Birgit; Samba, Ramona; Giugliano, Michèle

doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00405

Cited by 33 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In principle, this family of in-vitro MEA technologies utilizes different forms of 3D vertical nano-structures (nano-pillars) that pierce the plasma membrane of cultured cells (by electroporation or spontaneously) in a way similar to classical sharp electrodes (Figure 1 and Tian et al, 2010;Angle and Schaefer, 2012;Duan et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2012;Robinson et al, 2012;Angle et al, 2014;Qing et al, 2014;Abbott et al, 2017;Dipalo et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017;Abbott et al, 2018;Abbott et al, 2019;Mateus et al, 2019;Li et al, 2020;Teixeira et al, 2020;Yoo et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). At the same time, a number of laboratories have developed the "IN-CELL" recording and stimulation configuration, in which micrometer-sized, extracellular gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes (gMμEs) record attenuated synaptic and action potentials (Figure 1 and Spira et al, 2007;Hai et al, 2010b;a;Fendyur and Spira, 2012;Spira and Hai, 2013;Rabieh et al, 2016;Shmoel et al, 2016;Weidlich et al, 2017;McGuire et al, 2018;Spira et al, 2018;Mateus et al, 2019;Spira et al, 2019;Jones et al, 2020;Teixeira et al, 2020). Ultrastructural imaging complemented by electrophysiology and model system analysis of the culturedneurons/gMμEs configuration have revealed that the biophysical principles of "IN-CELL" recordings are identical to those of the perforated patch electrode configuration…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural analysis of neuroimplant-parenchyma interfaces uncover remarkable neuroregeneration along-with barriers that limit the implant electrophysiological functions

Sharon

Shmoel

Erez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Despite increasing use of in-vivo multielectrode array (MEA) implants for basic research and medical applications, the critical structural interfaces formed between the implants and the brain parenchyma, remain elusive. Prevailing view assumes that formation of multicellular inflammatory encapsulating-scar around the implants (the foreign body response) degrades the implant electrophysiological functions. Using gold mushroom shaped microelectrodes (gMμEs) based perforated polyimide MEA platforms (PPMPs) that in contrast to standard probes can be thin sectioned along with the interfacing parenchyma; we examined here for the first time the interfaces formed between brains parenchyma and implanted 3D vertical microelectrode platforms at the ultrastructural level. Our study demonstrates remarkable regenerative processes including neuritogenesis, axon myelination, synapse formation and capillaries regrowth in contact and around the implant. In parallel, we document that individual microglia adhere tightly and engulf the gMμEs. Modeling of the formed microglia-electrode junctions suggest that this configuration suffice to account for the low and deteriorating recording qualities of in vivo MEA implants. These observations help define the anticipated hurdles to adapting the advantageous 3D in-vitro vertical-electrode technologies to in-vivo settings, and suggest that improving the recording qualities and durability of planar or 3D in-vivo electrode implants will require developing approaches to eliminate the insulating microglia junctions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural analysis of neuroimplant-parenchyma interfaces uncover remarkable neuroregeneration along-with barriers that limit the implant electrophysiological functions

Sharon

Shmoel

Erez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The impedance of ALD-coated electrodes were measured and calculated as described in section "Materials and Methods". Here, mostly large electrode areas were investigated, to avoid the effect of shunt capacitances, estimated to be about 150 pF (Jones et al, 2020). Our estimate is based on the area of the electrical trace (1 mm 2 ), thickness of the silicon nitride insulator (600 nm), and its electric permittivity of 7.…”

Section: Impedance and Phase Of Electrodes Coated With Low-temperaturmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smaller signal amplitude is attributed to the signal attenuation by the shunt capacitance across the electrode connecting lead (Figure 1B). The voltage divider between recording electrode impedance (1.5 MOhm at 1 kHz, corresponding to 100 pF) and the shunt capacitance [∼150 pF, (Jones et al, 2020)] reduces the signal amplitude significantly. The beating frequency of the cardiomyocytes recorded on ALD oxide-coated MEAs was the same as the beating frequency recorded on conventional TiN MEAs (data not shown).…”

Section: Electrophysiological Signals From Cardiomyocytes Recorded Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Oxide on Titanium Nitride Electrodes Enables Culture and Physiological Recording of Electrogenic Cells

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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The performance of electrode arrays insulated by low-temperature atomic layer deposited (ALD) titanium dioxide (TiO 2) or hafnium dioxide (HfO 2) for culture of electrogenic cells and for recording of extracellular action potentials is investigated. If successful, such insulation may be considered to increase the stability of future neural implants. Here, insulation of titanium nitride electrodes of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) was performed using ALD of nanometer-sized TiO 2 or hafnium oxide at low temperatures (100-200 • C). The electrode properties, impedance, and leakage current were measured and compared. Although electrode insulation using ALD oxides increased the electrode impedance, it did not prevent stable, physiological recordings of electrical activity from electrogenic cells (cardiomyocytes and neurons). The insulation quality, estimated from leakage current measurements, was less than 100 nA/cm 2 in a range of 3 V. Cardiomyocytes were successfully cultured and recorded after 5 days on the insulated MEAs with signal shapes similar to the recordings obtained using uncoated electrodes. Light-induced electrical activity of retinal ganglion cells was recorded using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-based MEA insulated with HfO 2 without driving the recording electrode into saturation. The presented results demonstrate that low-temperature ALD-deposited TiO 2 and hafnium oxide are biocompatible and biostable and enable physiological recordings. Our results indicate that nanometer-sized ALD insulation can be used to protect electrodes for long-term biological applications.

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“…One limitation of the current study is the failure to detect both LFPs and single-cell activity of RGCs and potentially of spiking BCs (Baden et al, 2013) in the vertical slice. This may be overcome by adding three-dimensional electrodes (Jones et al, 2020) to the sensor area and thereby enabling a tight contact to the slice. A second caveat is the mixture of signals from ON and OFF bipolar cells.…”

Section: Electrical Imaging Signal Propagation With High-density Cmosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Imaging of Light-Induced Signals Across and Within Retinal Layers

Lee

Zeck

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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The mammalian retina processes sensory signals through two major pathways: a vertical excitatory pathway, which involves photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells, and a horizontal inhibitory pathway, which involves horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. This concept explains the generation of an excitatory center-inhibitory surround sensory receptive fields-but fails to explain the modulation of the retinal output by stimuli outside the receptive field. Electrical imaging of light-induced signal propagation at high spatial and temporal resolution across and within different retinal layers might reveal mechanisms and circuits involved in the remote modulation of the retinal output. Here we took advantage of a high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductorbased microelectrode array and investigated the light-induced propagation of local field potentials (LFPs) in vertical mouse retina slices. Surprisingly, the LFP propagation within the different retinal layers depends on stimulus duration and stimulus background. Application of the same spatially restricted light stimuli to flat-mounted retina induced ganglion cell activity at remote distances from the stimulus center. This effect disappeared if a global background was provided or if gap junctions were blocked. We hereby present a neurotechnological approach and demonstrated its application, in which electrical imaging evaluates stimulus-dependent signal processing across different neural layers.

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Low-Impedance 3D PEDOT:PSS Ultramicroelectrodes

Cited by 33 publications

References 45 publications

Ultrastructural analysis of neuroimplant-parenchyma interfaces uncover remarkable neuroregeneration along-with barriers that limit the implant electrophysiological functions

Ultrastructural analysis of neuroimplant-parenchyma interfaces uncover remarkable neuroregeneration along-with barriers that limit the implant electrophysiological functions

Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Oxide on Titanium Nitride Electrodes Enables Culture and Physiological Recording of Electrogenic Cells

Electrical Imaging of Light-Induced Signals Across and Within Retinal Layers

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