Low-Intensity Visible and Near-Infrared Light-Induced Cell Signaling Pathways in the Skin: A Comprehensive Review

Preclinical Study of Dual-Wavelength Light-Emitting Diode Therapy in an Osteoarthritis Rat Model

“…The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of the following two wavelengths would be effective for OA: (1) 850 nm, which is the middle wavelength of the two studies (830 and 870 nm) that reported a therapeutic effect for OA, and (2) 940 nm, which is the 900 nm wavelength region that has reported stimulatory effects on osteogenesis and several other conditions such as RA, and colitis [18,20,22,30,31]. We referred to previous studies that examined the interactions between light and tissue, specifically considering the intensity and duration of exposure to light-based devices [15].…”

“…Within the mitochondria and cell membranes, there are various light-absorbing entities such as porphyrins, flavins, and other chromophores. When exposed to light of suitable wavelengths and doses, these chromophores absorb the light and initiate biological responses [15]. Increasing evidence suggests that the photobiomodulation mechanism result in the cellular reaction cascade involving the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain components.…”

“…Increasing evidence suggests that the photobiomodulation mechanism result in the cellular reaction cascade involving the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain components. Different wavelengths of light are absorbed by different chromophores and have different effects on tissues [15]. The wavelength with high therapeutic effect is different for each disease [32,33].…”

“…However, while laser treatment equipment is expensive and has limitations in approach, there have been limited studies examining the effects of LED, and the results reported have been inconsistent. More recently, several chromophores have been studied in relation to the mechanisms by which they produce therapeutic effects on responses called photobiomodulation [15]. Among them, studies have been conducted focused on cytochrome c, an oxidase electron transport system located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that absorbs infrared light in the 760-940 nm region [16].…”

Photobiomodulation in the treatment of palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia: a randomised controlled clinical study protocol

“… 17 21 22 Its mechanism of action is grounded in the absorption of light by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in the mitochondria. 23–27 Interaction of red and infrared light with the CCO chromophore enhances available energy, thereby elevating mitochondrial activity to generate ATP. 28 Moreover, PBM is known to modulate various substances involved in nociceptive conduction and inflammation, including prostaglandins, kinins, serotonin, histamine, cytokines, neuropeptides, reactive oxygen species and ATP.…”