Low pathogenicity of flounder iridovirus (<scp>FLIV</scp>) and the absence of cross‐protection between <scp>FLIV</scp> and rock bream iridovirus

Jung, Myung-Hwa; Lee, Jehee; Jung, Sung‐Ju

doi:10.1111/jfd.12459

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Determining the genotype involved in a disease outbreak is important to indicate appropriate disease control. For example, a commercial vaccine against RSIV (Aquavac IridoV, MSD Animal Health) provided only partial protection against an ISKNVgenotype [11], and cross-protection was not identifed between TRBIV and RSIV [79]. Tis is consistent with a report of the highest antigenicity for RSIV being related to the major capsid protein and the products of ORFs 054L, 055L, 101L, 117L, and 125L [80].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Further studies of ISKNV will beneft from genomic tools to determine viral factors that infuence the disease. For example, viral genetic markers of adaptation to freshwater or marine hosts have been suggested [78], and the pathogenicity of a particular ISKNV isolate was reported to be limited to a specifc host fsh species [79]. Subclinical infection has been documented based on PCR positivity without evaluation of the infective potential of the virus [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotypic Characterization of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Southeast Asian Aquaculture

Fusianto

Becker

Subramaniam

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a species within the genus Megalocytivirus (family Iridoviridae), which causes high mortality disease in many freshwater and marine fish species. ISKNV was first reported in Asia and is an emerging threat to aquaculture with increasing global distribution, in part due to its presence in ornamental fish with clinical and subclinical infections. The species ISKNV includes three genotypes: red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and ISKNV. There is an increasing overlap in the recognized range of susceptible fish hosts and the geographic distribution of these distinct genotypes. To better understand the disease caused by ISKNV, a nucleic acid hybridization capture enrichment was used prior to sequencing to characterize whole genomes from archived clinical specimens of aquaculture and ornamental fish from Southeast Asia (n = 16). The method was suitable for tissue samples containing 2.50 × 104–4.58 × 109 ISKNV genome copies mg−1. Genome sequences determined using the hybridization capture method were identical to those obtained directly from tissues when there was sufficient viral DNA to sequence without enrichment (n = 2). ISKNV genomes from diverse locations, environments, and hosts had very high similarity and matched established genotype classifications (14 ISKNV genotype Clade 1 genomes with >98.81% nucleotide similarity). Conversely, two different genotypes were obtained at the same time and location (RSIV and ISKNV from grouper, Indonesia with 92.44% nucleotide similarity). Gene-by-gene analysis with representative ISKNV genomes identified 59 core genes within the species (>95% amino acid identity). The 14 Clade 1 ISKNV genomes in this study had 100% aa identity for 92–105 of 122 predicted genes. Despite high overall sequence similarity, phylogenetic analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms differentiated isolates from different host species, country of origin, and time of collection. Whole genome studies of ISKNV and other megalocytiviruses enable genomic epidemiology and will provide information to enhance disease control in aquaculture.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Characterization of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Southeast Asian Aquaculture

Fusianto

Becker

Subramaniam

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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“…Moreover, it is known to show pathogenicity regardless of the environment and species when it infects a susceptible host (Lee et al, 2020). Our result demonstrated a different Megalocytivirusinfection in starry flounder compared to that in previous reports (Park et al, 2012;Won et al, 2013;Jung et al, 2016;Jin et al, 2018). Thus, starry flounder can be considered to show susceptibility to the RSIV and TRBIV genotypes.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Newly Designed Multiplex Pcr Using Field Samplescontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…However, the current primer set of the OIE has not confirmed the specific detection of the TRBIV genotype. TRBIV infection has increased in recent decades in South Korea (Park et al, 2012;Won et al, 2013;Jung et al, 2016;Jin et al, 2018). Therefore, a suitable PCR-based detection method is essential for TRBIV detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved multiplex PCR method for the detection of diverse Megalocytivirus in the Korea

Sohn

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Megalocytivirus is a genus of piscine viruses that belongs to the Iridoviridae family, and this family comprises red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. RSIV causes high mortality and economic losses in the rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) Korean aquaculture industry. The World Organization for Animal Health’s Office International des Epizooties has provided a manual for RSIV detection. However, detection against TRBIV has not been confirmed. In this study, a multiplex PCR method was established to detect two genotypes of Megalocytivirus, RSIV and TRBIV. New primer pairs were optimized for the PCR reaction. A mixture of one universal and two specific primer pairs could amplify three distinct products targeting three different genes. The sensitivity of the primer pairs was evaluated and results showed a detection limit of 2.0  105 copies for each target gene. Moreover, the primer pairs did not amplify any other viruses. The evaluation of multiplex PCR using 21 RSIV Korean isolates has shown that it can distinguish two genotypes of Megalocytivirus from 21 RSIV Korean isolates. Finally, we describe a new multiplex PCR method to detect different genotypes of Megalocytivirus simultaneously, which makes the diagnosis of viral diseases occurring in the Korean aquaculture industry more convenient.

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“…In this study, we report relevant findings in which RBIV, an economically important virus in rock bream aquaculture production, induce an immune response in RBCs. The spleen is one of the major target organs for RBIV replication (2–4, 7). However, we found similarities in RBIV level patterns in the spleen, kidneys, liver, blood, and RBCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Megalocytivirus RBIV Induces Apoptosis and MHC Class I Presentation in Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) Red Blood Cells

et al. 2019

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Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortality in Korean rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) populations. To date, immune defense mechanisms of rock bream against RBIV are unclear. While red blood cells (RBCs) are known to be involved in the immune response against viral infections, the participation of rock bream RBCs in the immune response against RBIV has not been studied yet. In this study, we examined induction of the immune response in rock bream RBCs after RBIV infection. Each fish was injected with RBIV, and virus copy number in RBCs gradually increased from 4 days post-infection (dpi), peaking at 10 dpi. A total of 318 proteins were significantly regulated in RBCs from RBIV-infected individuals, 183 proteins were upregulated and 135 proteins were downregulated. Differentially upregulated proteins included those involved in cellular amino acid metabolic processes, cellular detoxification, snRNP assembly, and the spliceosome. Remarkably, the MHC class I-related protein pathway was upregulated during RBIV infection. Simultaneously, the regulation of apoptosis-related proteins, including caspase-6 (CASP6), caspase-9 (CASP9), Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), desmoplakin (DSP), and p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) changed with RBIV infection. Interestingly, the expression of genes within the ISG15 antiviral mechanism-related pathway, including filamin B (FLNB), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), nucleoporin 35 (NUP35), tripartite motif-containing 25 (TRIM25), and karyopherin subunit alpha 3 (KPNA3) were downregulated in RBCs from RBIV-infected individuals. Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of RBIV pathogenesis and host interaction.

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Low pathogenicity of flounder iridovirus (FLIV) and the absence of cross‐protection between FLIV and rock bream iridovirus

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Genotypic Characterization of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Southeast Asian Aquaculture

Genotypic Characterization of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Southeast Asian Aquaculture

Improved multiplex PCR method for the detection of diverse Megalocytivirus in the Korea

The Megalocytivirus RBIV Induces Apoptosis and MHC Class I Presentation in Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) Red Blood Cells

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