Low-Power LoRa Signal-Based Outdoor Positioning Using Fingerprint Algorithm

Abstract

Positioning is an essential element in most Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Global Positioning System (GPS) chips have high cost and power consumption, making it unsuitable for long-range (LoRa) and low-power IoT devices. Alternatively, low-power wide-area (LPWA) signals can be used for simultaneous positioning and communication. We summarize previous studies related to LoRa signal-based positioning systems, including those addressing proximity, a path loss model, time difference of arrival (TDoA), and fingerprint positioning methods. We propose a LoRa signal-based positioning method that uses a fingerprint algorithm instead of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) proximity or TDoA method. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and usability of the fingerprint algorithm for large areas in the real world. We estimated the locations using probabilistic means based on three different algorithms that use interpolated fingerprint RSSI maps. The average accuracy of the three proposed algorithms in our experiments was 28.8 m. Our method also reduced the battery consumption significantly compared with that of existing GPS-based positioning methods.

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“…In our study on the detection of vehicle functions 2 of 16 in tourism, the temporal sequential data of spatial locations every several minutes are suitable for recording the traces of vehicle mobilities, because the typical characteristic times of the behaviors are several tens of minutes. GNSS or global positioning systems (GPSs) provide the antenna (and device) locations as longitude and latitude values, whose bit information is not so large even if 10 m spatial resolution is required [5,12,[15][16][17][18]. Therefore, the capacity of high-speed wireless telecommunications such as Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 protocol standards) is too large in the category of wireless local area networking.…”

“…Therefore, the capacity of high-speed wireless telecommunications such as Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 protocol standards) is too large in the category of wireless local area networking. Since a data rate with very small capacity is adequate and reasonable, we selected a low-power, wide-area (LPWA) network [18][19][20] that allows long-range wireless telecommunication at a low bit rate with low-power consumption, which is suitable for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) [21][22][23][24], i.e., objects that are connected to the internet. Then, the positioning system data are transferred by LPWA to a cloud data server every several minutes, where the dataset is accumulated; its unit data are composed of digit numbers for time, longitude, and latitude.…”