Low-protein overfeeding: a tool to unmask susceptibility to obesity in humans

Dulloo, Abdul G.; Jacquet, Jean

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801110

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Furthermore, subtle differences among humans in their capacity for nonspecific control of thermogenesis in response to diet (i.e., in elevated DIT)-while of quantitative importance in their different susceptibilities to obesity when cumulated over months to years-are unlikely to be picked up by conventional techniques during the relative short durations of human experimentation. It may prove necessary to simulate the appropriate unbalanced dietary conditions (e.g., low-protein overfeeding) under which DIT is recruited [4,5] in order to unmask some of the genetic and metabolic machinery responsible for human variability in thermogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Part of this variation in DIT could be explained by differences in the dietary protein content of the diet, with DIT being more pronounced on unbalanced diets which are low or high in % protein [4]. Indeed, our own reanalysis of the classic human overfeeding studies of the 1960s revealed that relatively small individual differences in DIT on balanced normalprotein diet are amplified on protein-deficient diets [5]. That genes play an important role in variability in metabolism that underlie susceptibility to weight gain and obesity has in fact been established from overfeeding experiments of Bouchard et al in identical twins [6].…”

Section: Weight Regulation Through Adjustments In Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive thermogenesis and uncoupling proteins: a reappraisal of their roles in fat metabolism and energy balance

Dulloo

Seydoux

Jacquet

2004

Physiology & Behavior

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After decades of controversies about the quantitative importance of autoregulatory adjustments in energy expenditure in weight regulation, there is now increasing recognition that even subtle variations in thermogenesis could, in dynamic systems and over the long term, be important in determining weight maintenance in some and obesity in others. The main challenge nowadays is to provide a mechanistic explanation for the role of adaptive thermogenesis in attenuating and correcting deviations of body weight and body composition, and in the identification of molecular mechanisms that constitute its effector systems. This workshop paper reconsiders what constitutes adaptive changes in thermogenesis and reassesses the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and uncoupling proteins (UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UCP5/BMCP1) as the efferent and effector components of the classical one-control system for adaptive thermogenesis and fat oxidation. It then reviews the evidence suggesting that there are in fact two distinct control systems for adaptive thermogenesis, the biological significance of which is to satisfy-in a lifestyle of famine-and-feast-the needs to suppress thermogenesis for energy conservation during weight loss and weight recovery even under environmental stresses (e.g., cold, infection, nutrient imbalance) when sympathetic activation of thermogenesis has equally important survival value.Keywords: Obesity; Diabetes; Cachexia; Catecholamines; UCP Resistance to obesity in an obesigenic environmentOne of the greatest challenges towards understanding the aetiology of human obesity is to explain how in environments that promote overeating of high-fat foods and discourage physical activity, there is always a section of the population who, apparently without conscious effort, do not become obese. How do they resist obesity? How is constancy of body weight achieved over decades in these individuals? In addressing the issue of human susceptibility to leanness and fatness, there are three cardinal features of body weight regulation that need to be underlined: (i) Humans cannot escape the laws of thermodynamics.Whatever theory is put forward to explain body weight and body composition regulation, it is undeniable that changes in body energy stores (and ultimately body weight) cannot occur unless there is a difference between energy intake and energy expenditure. (ii) Subtle perturbations in energy balance can lead to obesity. To put it another way, long-term constancy of body weight can only be achieved if the matching between energy intake and energy expenditure is extremely precise, since an error of only 1% between input and output of energy, if persistent, will lead to a gain or loss of 1 kg per year or some 40 kg between the age of 20 to 60 years. Yet, a difference of 5% between energy intake and energy expenditure is hardly measurable with available techniques. (iii) Body weight is a fluctuating and oscillatory phenomenon. Even in individuals that maintain a relatively stable lean body weight over decades, the...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weight Regulation Through Adjustments In Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive thermogenesis and uncoupling proteins: a reappraisal of their roles in fat metabolism and energy balance

Dulloo

Seydoux

Jacquet

2004

Physiology & Behavior

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“…The difference in the coef®cient of variation between Experiments 1 and 2 (45 vs 22%) cannot be ascribed to different methodologies because they were carried out simultaneously as part of the same study. 1 Moreover, in the commentary 41 that follows this review, Dulloo points out that ®ve of the subjects in the Gluttony experiments switched after 4 weeks of overeating to the other diet. As well as con®rming the larger inter-individual variation in cost of gain seen when these subjects were overfed the 3% protein diet, Dulloo goes on to show that these individual differences are still apparent, but much less obvious, when overeating the 15% protein diet.…”

Section: Homeostatic Waste In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presumably it is these small inter-individual differences when consuming a normal diet that help explain why some people are more susceptible to obesity than others, and Dulloo suggests that feeding low-protein diets should make it easier to discriminate between thesè easy gainers' those`hard gainers' who are more resistant to obesity. In other words, Figure 8 and Dulloo's analysis 41 suggests that overfeeding unbalanced diets can be used to amplify individual genetic differences in energetic ef®ciency and susceptibility to obesity. Table 7, but note that values for the three diets studied in Expt 8 have been displayed in the ®gure (Table 7 only shows overall mean).…”

Section: Homeostatic Waste In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gluttony and thermogenesis revisited

1999

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The evolutionary and biological signi®cance of adaptive, homeostatic forms of heat production (thermogenesis) is reviewed. After summarizing the role and selective value of thermogenesis in body temperature regulation (shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis) and the febrile response to infection (fever), the review concentrates on dietinduced thermogenesis (DIT). Animal studies indicate that DIT evolved mainly to deal with nutrient-de®cient or unbalanced diets, and re-analysis of twelve overfeeding studies carried out between 1967 and 1999 suggests the same may be so for humans, particularly when dietary protein concentration is varied. This implies that the role of DIT in the regulation of energy balance is secondary to its function in regulating the metabolic supply of essential nutrients. However, individual differences in DIT are much more marked when high-or low-protein diets are overfed, and this could provide a very sensitive method for discriminating between those who are, in metabolic terms, resistant and those who are susceptible to obesity.

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“…Therefore, we hypothesize that if we would be able to reduce increase in fat mass (FM) and promote increase in FFM during the inevitable weight regain, by an appropriate ingredient, we might limit weight regain. For this, we suggest to elevate protein intake, because of its contribution to storage of FFM, 14 its low energy efficiency during overfeeding, 15,16 and its increased satiety effect despite similar EI. 17 The 'Stock hypothesis' states that during overfeeding, a relatively high percentage of energy as protein might have a limiting effect on body weight gain in humans through an energy efficiency effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans

et al. 2003

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BACKGROUND: A relatively high percentage of energy intake as protein has been shown to increase satiety and decrease energy efficiency during overfeeding. AIM: To investigate whether addition of protein may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5-10% in moderately obese subjects. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: In a randomized parallel design, 148 male and female subjects (age 44.2710.1 y; body mass index (BMI) 29.572.5 kg/m 2 ; body fat 37.275.0%) followed a very low-energy diet (2.1 MJ/day) during 4 weeks. For subsequent 3 months weight-maintenance assessment, they were stratified according to age, BMI, body weight, restrained eating, and resting energy expenditure (REE), and randomized over two groups. Both groups visited the University with the same frequency, receiving the same counseling on demand by the dietitian. One group (n ¼ 73) received 48.2 g/day additional protein to their diet. Measurements at baseline, after weight loss, and after 3 months weight maintenance were body weight, body composition, metabolic measurements, appetite profile, eating attitude, and relevant blood parameters. RESULTS: Changes in body mass, waist circumference, REE, respiratory quotient (RQ), total energy expenditure (TEE), dietary restraint, fasting blood-glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, leptin, b-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and free fatty acids were significant during weight loss and did not differ between groups. During weight maintenance, the 'additional-protein group' showed in comparison to the nonadditional-protein group 18 vs 15 en% protein intake, a 50% lower body weight regain only consisting of fat-free mass, a 50% decreased energy efficiency, increased satiety while energy intake did not differ, and a lower increase in triacylglycerol and in leptin; REE, RQ, TEE, and increases in other blood parameters measured did not differ. CONCLUSION: A 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency.

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Low-protein overfeeding: a tool to unmask susceptibility to obesity in humans

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Adaptive thermogenesis and uncoupling proteins: a reappraisal of their roles in fat metabolism and energy balance

Adaptive thermogenesis and uncoupling proteins: a reappraisal of their roles in fat metabolism and energy balance

Gluttony and thermogenesis revisited

High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans

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