Low sale of antibiotics without prescription: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwean private pharmacies

Nz, Nyazema; Viberg, Nina; Khoza, Star; Vyas, Seema; Kumaranayake, Lilani; Tomson, Göran; Lundborg, Cecilia Stålsby

doi:10.1093/jac/dkm013

Cited by 63 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our results were in agreement with reported results from different studies in Jordan, Sudan and Greece [13,20,21,22]. On the other hand, amoxicillin was the most commonly selected antibiotic for self-medication [16,19,23,24 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication with Antibiotics for Children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Alfalogy¹

2017

EJPM

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Self-medication with antibiotics is becoming a very common practice, and it is being practiced globally carrying a significant economic burden and health hazards. This study assesses prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotic for children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 252 mothers selected randomly from primary health care Centers in Makkah, during the period Jan -July 2016. Mothers were interviewed about giving their children antibiotic without prescription using a semi structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using IBM advanced SPSS statistical package version 23. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine which of the factors are independently associated with self-medication with antibiotic for children. As a result, in total, 252 respondent mothers were interviewed with mean age 36.7±18.4. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotic for children was 39.3% despite that the majority 82.9% has satisfactory knowledge about proper antibiotic use. Amoxicillin clavulenic is the most self-prescribed antibiotic representing 53.3% followed by amoxicillin 25.6%. The predictors for self-medication were educational level, income, residence and knowledge about antibiotics use. It was concluded that, Self-medication with antibiotics for children is a common practice. Policies and considerable efforts are needed to challenge the self-medication with antibiotics especially increasing the awareness among mothers about the self-medication with antibiotics risks and hazards.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication with Antibiotics for Children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Alfalogy¹

2017

EJPM

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“…39,64,67 Studies with patients simulated by actors showed that inappropriate antimicrobial dispensing by pharmacists without a prescription occurred frequently. [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]85 In low-income to medium-income countries, training of health-care workers as part of WHO's Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy has been shown to increase appropriate use of antimicrobials and decrease inappropriate use. [122][123][124][125] Non-physician health-care workers trained in integrated management of childhood illness might use antimicrobials more judiciously than physician providers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Morgan

Okeke

Laxminarayan

et al. 2011

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

780

670

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In much of the world antimicrobial drugs are sold without prescription or oversight by health-care professionals. The scale and effect of this practice is unknown. We systematically reviewed published works about non-prescription antimicrobials from 1970-2009, identifying 117 relevant articles. 35 community surveys from five continents showed that non-prescription use occurred worldwide and accounted for 19-100% of antimicrobial use outside of northern Europe and North America. Safety issues associated with non-prescription use included adverse drug reactions and masking of underlying infectious processes. Non-prescription use was common for non-bacterial disease, and antituberculosis drugs were available in many areas. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are common in communities with frequent non-prescription use. In a few settings, control efforts that included regulation decreased antimicrobial use and resistance. Non-prescription antimicrobial and antituberculosis use is common outside of North America and northern Europe and must be accounted for in public health efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

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“…Getting antibiotics directly from the pharmacy without a prescription is possible in Africa, South America, Asia as well as in many parts of Europe even when this practice is illegal [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Previous research indicates that antibiotics are readily dispensed for urinary tract infections, sore throat, bronchitis and diarrhea. Many of these studies have addressed dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in therapeutic doses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injudicious Provision of Subtherapeutic Doses of Antibiotics in Community Pharmacies

Amin

Amine

Newegy

2017

Iip

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Low sale of antibiotics without prescription: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwean private pharmacies

Abstract: The study revealed low sales of antibiotics without prescription, showing good adherence to the letter of the law. However, few respondents performed acceptably in relation to guidelines when considering information and advice for the tracer conditions.

Cited by 63 publications

References 28 publications

Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication with Antibiotics for Children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication with Antibiotics for Children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Injudicious Provision of Subtherapeutic Doses of Antibiotics in Community Pharmacies

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