Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated With Myopia in Korean Adolescents

Choi, Jung Sik; Han, Kyungdo; Park, Young Jun; La, Tae Yoon

doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12853

Cited by 102 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…12 However, it remains unclear which of the numerous elements associated with time spent outdoors, such as light intensity, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), or distant focus, confers the reduced risk of myopia. Vitamin D concentrations have been inversely associated with myopia in some but not all studies, [13][14][15][16][17] while genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes have been associated in 1 study but not in another. 13,17 We exploited the availability of relevant existing information (ie, refractive status, UVR, education, serum vitamin D concentrations, and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes) in the European Eye Study with the objective of investigating their association with myopia.…”

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confidence: 96%

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

et al. 2017

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IMPORTANCE Myopia is becoming increasingly common globally and is associated with potentially sight-threatening complications. Spending time outdoors is protective, but the mechanism underlying this association is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of myopia with ultraviolet B radiation (UVB; directly associated with time outdoors and sunlight exposure), serum vitamin D concentrations, and vitamin D pathway genetic variants, adjusting for years in education. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA cross-sectional, population-based random sample of participants 65 years and older was chosen from 6 study centers from the European Eye Study between November 6, 2000, to November 15, 2002. Of 4187 participants, 4166 attended an eye examination including refraction, gave a blood sample, and were interviewed by trained fieldworkers using a structured questionnaire. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent of −0.75 diopters or less. Exclusion criteria included aphakia, pseudophakia, late age-related macular degeneration, and vision impairment due to cataract, resulting in 371 participants with myopia and 2797 without.EXPOSURES Exposure to UVB estimated by combining meteorological and questionnaire data at different ages, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolic pathway genes, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, and years of education.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Odds ratios (ORs) of UVB, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, vitamin D single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and myopia estimated from logistic regression.RESULT Of the included 3168 participants, the mean (SD) age was 72.4 (5) years, and 1456 (46.0%) were male. An SD increase in UVB exposure at age 14 to 19 years (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92) and 20 to 39 years (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) was associated with a reduced adjusted OR of myopia; those in the highest tertile of years of education had twice the OR of myopia (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.41-3.06). No independent associations between myopia and serum vitamin D 3 concentrations nor variants in genes associated with vitamin D metabolism were found. An unexpected finding was that the highest quintile of plasma lutein concentrations was associated with a reduced OR of myopia (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.72). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIncreased UVB exposure was associated with reduced myopia, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood. The association was not altered by adjusting for education. We found no convincing evidence for a direct role of vitamin D in myopia risk. The relationship between high plasma lutein concentrations and a lower risk of myopia requires replication.

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confidence: 96%

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

et al. 2017

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“…However, as it is difficult to prove that an exposure has no effect at all (e.g. the effect is very small to be detected), we show that if it exists it should be in the range of A study from Choi et al [136] involving 2038 adolescents from South Korea showed a significant association between 25(OH)D concentrations and RE; however, time spent outdoors was not entirely accounted for (i.e. physical exercise and area of residence were investigated but not outdoor time).…”

Section: 382 For Europeans and N= 8376 From Asians) From Cream [1mentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Also, epidemiological studies have shown association between refractive error and anthropometric traits and smoking [136,299]. In order to investigate potential pleiotropic effects, we performed a series of regressions between the educational attainment PGRS and BMI, height and smoking in the BMES cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another hypothesis is that exposure to bright light enhances dopamine release in the retina suppressing axial elongation [133,134]. Finally, recently few studies proposed that increased vitamin D concentrations may be behind the protective effect of time spent outdoors [135][136][137].…”

Section: Refractive Error and Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plasma reduces the risk of myopia [135][136][137]. However, a recent study from the British Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort found no evidence that 25(OH)D levels at age 10 years mediated the association between less time spent outdoors and higher incidence of myopia, and that the previously documented association between serum 25(OH)D and myopia was potentially confounded by time spent outdoors and the degree of sun exposure [134,252].…”

Section: More Recently a Few Studies Have Proposed That Higher Vitammentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex trait genetics: mapping, correlation and causation

Partida¹

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Efforts to understand the genetic aetiology of complex traits have gained a lot of momentum in the last decade. Advancement of next generation sequencing and the ever-decreasing price of genotyping platforms have allowed us to carry out a vast number of genome wide association studies (GWAS). Until relatively recently, GWAS was guided by the common disease -common genetic variation paradigm.However, recent findings and developments have made us look at the bigger picture, including rare genetic variation. In addition, methodological developments are guiding the translation of GWAS findings. For instance, diverse statistical methods can be applied on genetically informative data to estimate the genetic correlation between complex diseases. The latter can have important medical implications, as genetically correlated diseases might be responsive to the same treatments. Also, approaches such as Mendelian randomization (MR) can help investigations of causal factors in disease when is unfeasible to carry out randomized control trials.My focus is on the application of statistical methods in complex trait genetics -I cover a range of phenotypes, ranging from eye disease to cancer.

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Assessing the Genetic Predisposition of Education on Myopia: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Cuéllar-Partida

Kho

et al. 2015

Genetic Epidemiology

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Myopia is the largest cause of uncorrected visual impairments globally and its recent dramatic increase in the population has made it a major public health problem. In observational studies, educational attainment has been consistently reported to be correlated to myopia. Nonetheless, correlation does not imply causation. Observational studies do not tell us if education causes myopia or if instead there are confounding factors underlying the association. In this work, we use a two-step least squares instrumental-variable (IV) approach to estimate the causal effect of education on refractive error, specifically myopia. We used the results from the educational attainment GWAS from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium to define a polygenic risk score (PGRS) in three cohorts of late middle age and elderly Caucasian individuals (N=5,649). In a meta-analysis of the three cohorts, using the PGRS as an IV, we estimated that each z-score increase in education (approximately 2 years of education) results in a reduction of 0.92 ± 0.29 diopters (P=1.04×10−3). Our estimate of the effect of education on myopia was higher (P=0.01) than the observed estimate (0.25 ± 0.03 diopters reduction per education z-score [~2 years] increase). This suggests that observational studies may actually underestimate the true effect. Our Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis provides new evidence for a causal role of educational attainment on refractive error.

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Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated With Myopia in Korean Adolescents

Cited by 102 publications

References 35 publications

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

Complex trait genetics: mapping, correlation and causation

Assessing the Genetic Predisposition of Education on Myopia: A Mendelian Randomization Study

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