Low sex hormone–binding globulin is associated with the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Weinberg, Melissa E.; Manson, JoAnn E.; Buring, Julie E.; Cook, Nancy R.; Seely, Ellen W.; Ridker, Paul M.; Rexrode, Kathryn M.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.017

Cited by 91 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In the 9-year follow-up study with 949 participants investigating the course of menopausal transition, Janssen et al (94) found that an increase in bioavailable testosterone increased the odds of developing metabolic syndrome. Similarly, in the study of Weinberg et al (95), postmenopausal women in the highest FAI tertile had a significantly increased risk of the metabolic syndrome, which was observed even after adjustment for BMI and other CVD risk factors. Regarding endogenous estrogen, there are various reports showing a positive relationship with adiposity markers (96).…”

Section: Obesity-insulin Resistance-metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 61%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endogenous sex steroids and cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period

Παππά

Alevizaki

2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Cardio-and cerebro-vascular diseases are two leading causes of death and long-term disability in postmenopausal women. The acute fall of estrogen in menopause is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The relative contribution of androgen to this risk is also being recognized. The use of more sensitive assays for estradiol measurement and the study of receptor and carrier protein gene polymorphisms have provided some new information on the clinical relevance of endogenous sex steroids. We provide an update on the role of endogenous sex steroids on cardio-and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period. Design and methods: We performed a PubMed search using the terms 'endogenous estrogen', 'androgen', 'cardiovascular disease', 'cerebro-vascular disease', 'stroke', 'carotid artery disease', and 'subclinical atherosclerosis'. Results: The majority of studies show a beneficial effect of endogenous estrogen on the vasculature; however, there are a few studies reporting the contrary. A significant body of literature has reported associations of endogenous estrogen and androgen with early markers of atherosclerosis and metabolic parameters. Data on the relevance of endogenous sex steroids in heart disease and stroke are inconclusive. Conclusions: Most studies support a beneficial role of endogenous estrogens and, probably, an adverse effect of androgens in the vasculature in postmenopausal women. However, the described associations may not always be considered as causal. It is possible that circulating estrogen might represent a marker of general health status or alternatively reflect the sum of endogenous androgens aromatized in the periphery. Elucidating the role of sex steroids in cardio-and cerebro-vascular disease remains an interesting field of future research.

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Section: Obesity-insulin Resistance-metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 61%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endogenous sex steroids and cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period

Παππά

Alevizaki

2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Another possible link between high androgens and breast cancer could be via metabolic syndrome, a condition characterized by high insulin levels that stimulate ovarian synthesis of androgen (23). In women, metabolic syndrome is associated with increased testosterone levels (24,25). Other characteristics of metabolic syndrome may independently increase breast cancer risk (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Hormone Levels, Breast Cancer Risk, and Cancer Receptor Status in Postmenopausal Women: the ORDET Cohort

Sieri¹,

Krogh²,

Bolelli

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

111

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Background: Endogenous sex hormone levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in several prospective studies. However, it remains unclear to what extent serum hormone-breast cancer associations differ with receptor status. Methods: Associations between serum sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk were assessed in a nested case-control study on postmenopausal women of the ORDET cohort. After a median follow-up of 13.5 years, 165 women developed breast cancer. Relative risks of developing breast cancer were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Results: Total and free testosterone levels were directly associated with breast cancer risk [relative risk, 3.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.93-5.55) and 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.94), respectively, for highest versus lowest quartile]. When relations between hormone level and risk of breast cancer expressing various receptor combinations were assessed, high total testos-

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“…Some researchers consider post-menopause as a period of hyperandrogenism that results from the greater reduction in estrogen, due to ovarian failure, than in androgens, with increased levels of LDL and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol, which characterize an atherogenic profile (28,29), compatible with MS. Estrogen seems to have a positive effect on the inner layer of artery wall, which helps to maintain blood vessels flexible (30). Conversely, the cause of hypertension is not well defined in postmenopausal women.…”

Section: Metabolic Syndrome In Menopausal Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women

Marchi

Dell’Agnolo

Lopes

et al. 2017

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among pre-and postmenopausal women, as well as the association between menopausal status and MS. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a reference cardiology outpatient clinic in a city located in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 958 medical records of symptomatic climacteric women evaluated between 2010 and 2014 were analyzed. The study consisted of two groups: pre-and post-menopausal women. MS was characterized according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III -NCEP-ATP III-2005. Results: MS was observed in 18.5% of the total study population; 9.4% of the premenopausal women and 22.2% of the postmenopausal women displayed MS, corresponding to a relative risk of 2.75. In addition, the frequency of MS increased with age. Regarding the components of MS, postmenopausal women were more likely to have high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels < 50 mg/dL; systolic blood pressure (SBP) values ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values ≥ 85 mmHg; and fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. Conclusion: MS was more prevalent among postmenopausal women than among premenopausal women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(2):160-6.

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Low sex hormone–binding globulin is associated with the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Cited by 91 publications

References 48 publications

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endogenous sex steroids and cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endogenous sex steroids and cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period

Sex Hormone Levels, Breast Cancer Risk, and Cancer Receptor Status in Postmenopausal Women: the ORDET Cohort

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women

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