Low skeletal muscle mass index and all-cause mortality risk in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Wang, Y; Luo, Dong-Hua; Yu, Sheng-Bo; Jiang, Binggang; Jiang, Haichao

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286745

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Similarly, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies conducted across the world (including countries in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, and Australia) concluded that low skeletal mass index (SMI; skeletal muscle mass per unit of height) was associated with increased all-cause mortality, even when stratified by age categories (i.e., in people aged less than 45 years, aged 45–65 years, and in those over the age of 65 years). The pooled relative risk of all-cause mortality was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.25–1.96) in those with the lowest SMI and the risk of all-cause mortality associated with low SMI was greatest in those with a higher BMI [ 35 ]. Subgroup analysis of those over the age of 65 years demonstrated that a low SMI could increase all-cause mortality risk by 56%, clearly illustrating the importance of SKM mass for longevity.…”

Section: Muscle Mass and Ageingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age

Pabla,

Jones,

Piasecki

et al. 2024

Clinical Science

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As a result of advances in medical treatments and associated policy over the last century, life expectancy has risen substantially and continues to increase globally. However, the disconnect between lifespan and ‘health span’ (the length of time spent in a healthy, disease-free state) has also increased, with skeletal muscle being a substantial contributor to this. Biological ageing is accompanied by declines in both skeletal muscle mass and function, termed sarcopenia. The mechanisms underpinning sarcopenia are multifactorial and are known to include marked alterations in muscle protein turnover and adaptations to the neural input to muscle. However, to date, the relative contribution of each factor remains largely unexplored. Specifically, muscle protein synthetic responses to key anabolic stimuli are blunted with advancing age, whilst alterations to neural components, spanning from the motor cortex and motoneuron excitability to the neuromuscular junction, may explain the greater magnitude of function losses when compared with mass. The consequences of these losses can be devastating for individuals, their support networks, and healthcare services; with clear detrimental impacts on both clinical (e.g., mortality, frailty, and post-treatment complications) and societal (e.g., independence maintenance) outcomes. Whether declines in muscle quantity and quality are an inevitable component of ageing remains to be completely understood. Nevertheless, strategies to mitigate these declines are of vital importance to improve the health span of older adults. This review aims to provide an overview of the declines in skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age, describes the wide-ranging implications of these declines, and finally suggests strategies to mitigate them, including the merits of emerging pharmaceutical agents.

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Section: Muscle Mass and Ageingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age

Pabla,

Jones,

Piasecki

et al. 2024

Clinical Science

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“…Skeletal muscle plays a key role in metabolic function, facilitates glucose uptake and storage, and is related to physical performance [21]. Skeletal muscle is the human body's biggest organ, 20-40% of total body weight in women and 30-50% in men, and serves as the body's principal protein storage organ [22]. Therefore, it is necessary to have an exercise program to support the manipulative skills of Down syndrome children.…”

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confidence: 99%

The benefit of a four-week range of motion exercise on hand muscle strength in children with Down Syndrome

Raharjo,

Yunus,

Pelana

et al. 2023

ppcs

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Background and Study Aim. Down syndrome is linked to motor disorders, leading to reduced physical activity and fitness, including diminished aerobic endurance and muscle strength. Study Aim - to investigate the efficacy of range of motion exercises in enhancing hand muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Material and Methods. This research employed a true experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The study sample consisted of 18 children with Down syndrome, aged between 10 to 12 years. The selected participants underwent range of motion exercises, which were systematically conducted 3 times a week over a span of 4 weeks. To assess the efficacy of the exercises, hand muscle strength was gauged both before and after the intervention. The measurement tool utilized was a Handgrip Strength (HGS) test, executed with the aid of a Takei dynamometer, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the results. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, a paired sample t-test was employed. The threshold for statistical significance was set at a p-value of less than 0.05 or 5%. Results. The range of motion exercise, when carried out for 4 weeks, has been shown to increase hand muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Based on the results of statistical analysis of hand muscle strength pretest and posttest in the control group (CtrG) (6.06 ± 2.11 vs. 6.13 ± 2.23 kg, p ≥ 0.05), and the experimental group (ExpG) (6.10 ± 2.68 vs. 8.95 ± 2.69 kg, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions. These exercises play a pivotal role in boosting muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Emphasizing their physical health, especially muscle strength, is vital for their current educational pursuits and future well-being.

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Exploring the utility of ultrasound to assess disuse atrophy in different muscles of the lower leg

Hardy,

Bass,

Inns

et al. 2024

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundSkeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue crucial for many functions associated with whole‐body health across the life course. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard for measuring skeletal muscle size. However, MRI is expensive, and access to facilities is often limited. B‐mode ultrasonography (U/S) has been proposed as a potential alternative to MRI for the assessment of muscle size. However, to date, no work has explored the utility of U/S to assess disuse muscle atrophy (DMA) across muscles with different atrophy susceptibility profiles, an omission which may limit the clinical application of previous work.MethodsTo address this significant knowledge gap, 10 young men (22 ± years, 24.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) underwent 15‐day unilateral leg immobilization using a knee‐brace and air boot. Cross‐sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) of the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) were assessed via U/S before and after immobilization, with CSA and muscle volume assessed via MRI.ResultsWith both muscles combined, there were good correlations between each U/S and MRI measure, both before (e.g., CSAMRI vs. MTU/S and CSAU/S: r = 0.88 and 0.94, respectively, both P < 0.0001) and after (e.g., VOLMRI vs. MTU/S and CSAU/S: r = 0.90 and 0.96, respectively, both P < 0.0001) immobilization. The relationship between the methods was notably stronger for MG than TA at each time‐point (e.g., CSAMRI vs. MTU/S: MG, r = 0.70, P = 0.0006; TA, r = 0.37, P = 0.10). There was no relationship between the degree of DMA determined by the two methods in either muscle (e.g., TA pre‐ vs. post‐immobilization, VOLMRI: 136 ± 6 vs. 133 ± 5, P = 0.08; CSAU/S: 6.05 ± 0.3 vs. 5.92 ± 0.4, P = 0.70; relationship between methods: r = 0.12, P = 0.75).ConclusionsBoth MTU/S and CSAU/S provide comparable static measures of lower leg muscle size compared with MRI, albeit with weaker agreement in TA compared to MG. Although both MTU/S and CSAU/S can discern differences in DMA susceptibility between muscles, neither can reliably assess degree of DMA. Based on the growing recognition of heterogeneous atrophy profiles between muscles, and the topical importance of less commonly studied muscles (i.e., TA for falls prevention in older adults), future research should aim to optimize accessible methods to determine muscle losses across the body.

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Low skeletal muscle mass index and all-cause mortality risk in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Cited by 4 publications

References 63 publications

Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age

Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age

The benefit of a four-week range of motion exercise on hand muscle strength in children with Down Syndrome

Exploring the utility of ultrasound to assess disuse atrophy in different muscles of the lower leg

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