Low-speed treadmill running exercise improves memory function after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

Shimada, Haruka; Hamakawa, Michiru; Ishida, Atsushi; Tamakoshi, Keigo; Nakashima, Hiroyuki; Ishida, Kenji

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.018

Cited by 52 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Physical training for stroke rat models was reported to facilitate motor function recovery and upregulate BDNF levels [42]. Four-week consecutive low-speed treadmill training started on the 4th day after stroke was found to improve hippocampal function in a MCAo induced stroke rat model [31]. Thus, exercise seems to upregulate brain BDNF concentrations, a result supported by this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Forced treadmill training induces stress and has been suggested to lower physical rehabilitation and BDNF levels in the hippocampus compared to voluntary wheel running; yet it still stimulates functional recovery [7]. Treadmill training intensity could affect memory function recovery, while the hippocampus determines memory function [31]. Training intensity, thus, may affect hippocampal activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treadmill training intensity was suggested to affect memory function recovery which is related to neural activity in the hippocampus [31]. Different training intensities bring different stress levels to rats [7].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different velocities generated different training intensities. In previous studies, training intensities mainly were set from 2 m/min to 30 m/min and the daily training time length was mainly set to 30 minutes [6, 8, 31]. In this study, total training time was fixed at 30 minutes, and 5 m/min and 26 m/min were chosen as low and high treadmill training velocities, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gradually Increased Training Intensity Benefits Rehabilitation Outcome after Stroke by BDNF Upregulation and Stress Suppression

Sun

Zheng

Yip

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Physical training is necessary for effective rehabilitation in the early poststroke period. Animal studies commonly use fixed training intensity throughout rehabilitation and without adapting it to the animals' recovered motor ability. This study investigated the correlation between training intensity and rehabilitation efficacy by using a focal ischemic stroke rat model. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion surgery. Sixty rats with successful stroke were then randomly assigned into four groups: control (CG, n = 15), low intensity (LG, n = 15), gradually increased intensity (GIG, n = 15), and high intensity (HG, n = 15). Behavioral tests were conducted daily to evaluate motor function recovery. Stress level and neural recovery were evaluated via plasma corticosterone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration, respectively. GIG rats significantly (P < 0.05) recovered motor function and produced higher hippocampal BDNF (112.87 ± 25.18 ng/g). GIG and LG rats exhibited similar stress levels (540.63 ± 117.40 nM/L and 508.07 ± 161.30 nM/L, resp.), which were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that (716.90 ± 156.48 nM/L) of HG rats. Training with gradually increased intensity achieved better recovery with lower stress. Our observations indicate that a training protocol that includes gradually increasing training intensity should be considered in both animal and clinical studies for better stroke recovery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gradually Increased Training Intensity Benefits Rehabilitation Outcome after Stroke by BDNF Upregulation and Stress Suppression

Sun

Zheng

Yip

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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“…Studies using forced exercise paradigms indicate that intensity plays a role for the efficacy of exercise, with low-to-moderate intensity leading to enhanced cognitive recovery (Shen et al, 2013; Shih et al, 2013; Shimada et al, 2013). However, this is not a homogenous finding, as more high intensity exercise has also been reported to induce positive effects on cognitive recovery (Cechetti et al, 2012; Itoh et al, 2011), while low intensity exercise in some cases has been without effect (Chen et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed voluntary exercise does not enhance cognitive performance after hippocampal injury: an investigation of differentially distributed exercise protocols

Wogensen¹,

Gram²,

Sommer³

et al. 2016

J Exerc Rehabil

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Voluntary exercise has previously been shown to enhance cognitive recovery after acquired brain injury (ABI). The present study evaluated effects of two differentially distributed protocols of delayed, voluntary exercise on cognitive recovery using an allocentric place learning task in an 8-arm radial maze. Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to either bilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix (FF) or to sham surgery. Twenty-one days postinjury, the animals started exercising in running wheels either for 14 consecutive days (FF/exercise daily [ExD], sham/ExD) or every other day for 14 days (FF/exercise every second day [ExS], sham/ExS). Additional groups were given no exercise treatment (FF/not exercise [NE], sham/NE). Regardless of how exercise was distributed, we found no cognitively enhancing effects of exercise in the brain injured animals. Design and protocol factors possibly affecting the efficacy of post-ABI exercise are discussed.

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Different exercises can modulate the differentiation/maturation of neural stem/progenitor cells after photochemically induced focal cerebral infarction

et al. 2020

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Introduction Exercise therapies during rehabilitation significantly promote recovery from various deficits after cerebral infarction, which is mediated by neuronal plasticity with distinct inputs. Although adult neurogenesis can also be modulated by neuronal activity before synaptogenesis, how distinct exercises contribute to the neurological reorganization of the injured cerebral cortex remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of different exercise therapies on motor recovery and neuronal reorganization after photochemically induced focal cerebral infarction. Methods Here, we examined the effects of three different exercises—(a) forced lower‐intensity and (b) higher‐intensity treadmill exercises, and (c) voluntary exercise with wheel running—on motor recovery and adult neurogenesis in a rat model of focal cerebral infarction. Photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) was used to generate focal infarction in rats that was mostly confined to their motor cortices. Results Beam walking tests showed that recovery after PIT‐induced cortical infarction differed in acute and chronic stages and was influenced by the type of exercise. Furthermore, forced low‐intensity training had more positive effects on functional recovery than other exercises or control. To evaluate the production of newly generated cells including de novo neurogenesis, we performed lineage analysis with BrdU labeling and immunofluorescence experiments. Lower‐intensity treadmill exercise increased the number of BrdU/NeuN colabeled cells, but not total BrdU‐retaining or BrdU/Sox2‐colabeled cells, in the peri‐infarct region of the ipsilateral cortex. In contrast, high‐intensity treadmill or voluntary exercises had the opposite effects. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal maturation can be differently modulated by distinct exercises and that low‐intensity treadmill exercise could result in more potent generation of mature neurons. This also suggests the possibility that the generation of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiation might be modulated by rehabilitation‐mediated neural plasticity.

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Low-speed treadmill running exercise improves memory function after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

Cited by 52 publications

References 37 publications

Gradually Increased Training Intensity Benefits Rehabilitation Outcome after Stroke by BDNF Upregulation and Stress Suppression

Gradually Increased Training Intensity Benefits Rehabilitation Outcome after Stroke by BDNF Upregulation and Stress Suppression

Delayed voluntary exercise does not enhance cognitive performance after hippocampal injury: an investigation of differentially distributed exercise protocols

Different exercises can modulate the differentiation/maturation of neural stem/progenitor cells after photochemically induced focal cerebral infarction

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