Low temperature and dust favour<i>in vitro</i>survival of<i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i>: time to revisit indirect transmission in pig housing

Browne, Christopher; Loeffler, Anette; Holt, Hannah; Chang, Yu‐Mei; Lloyd, D. H.; Nevel, Amanda

doi:10.1111/lam.12689

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It is well established that decreasing environmental temperature has a significant impact on the survival of pathogens in soil or water, sometimes leading to bacterial persistence [31][32][33], but whether temperature influences bacterial survival on artificial materials, such as dry fomites in hospitals, remained unknown. Other factors such as UV radiation, humidity, the presence of organic materials, and surface type are known to be associated with the ability of Thermal control of dry fomites and bacterial survival bacteria responsible for hospital-acquired infections to survive on dry surfaces [34][35][36]; however, temperature is a factor that can be easily and accurately controlled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of thermal control of dry fomites on regulating the survival of human pathogenic bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections

et al. 2019

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We monitored the survival of human pathogenic bacteria [Escherichia coli (ATCC), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (Clinical isolate), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing E. coli (clinical isolate), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)] on dry materials (vinyl chloride, aluminum, plastic, stainless steel) at distinct temperatures (room temperature or 15°C–37°C). These bacteria favored a lower temperature for their prolonged survival on the dry fomites, regardless of the material type. Interestingly, when mixed with S. aureus, E. coli survived for a longer time at a lower temperature. Cardiolipin, which can promote the survival of S. aureus in harsh environments, had no effect on maintaining the survival of E. coli. Although the trends remained unchanged, adjusting the humidity from 40% to 60% affected the survival of bacteria on dry surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed no morphological differences in these bacteria immediately before or after one day of dry conditions. In addition, ATP assessment, a method used to visualize high-touch surfaces in hospitals, was not effective at monitoring bacterial dynamics. A specialized handrail device fitted with a heater, which was maintained at normal human body core temperature, successfully prohibited the prolonged survival of bacteria [Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC), E. coli (ATCC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC), S. aureus (ATCC), Acinetobacter baumannii (clinical isolate), and Serratia marcescens (clinical isolate)], with the exception of spore-forming Bacillus subtilis (from our laboratory collection) and the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans (from our laboratory collection)] on dry surfaces. Taken together, we concluded that the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments. Therefore, the thermal control of dry fomites has the potential to control bacterial survival on high-touch surfaces in hospitals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of thermal control of dry fomites on regulating the survival of human pathogenic bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections

et al. 2019

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“…Recently, M. hyopneumoniae survival on stainless steel at 4 °C was demonstrated for at least 2 days (max. 8 days for some strains) [ 25 ]. This would imply that the regular procedure for SPF pig-free downtime of 48 h for transport vehicles cannot always guarantee a 100% M. hyopneumoniae -free vehicle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of trachea-bronchial swab qPCR testing to confirm Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae seropositivity in an SPF breeding herd

Vangroenweghe¹,

Willems

Malášek³

et al. 2018

Porc Health Manag

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BackgroundA dedicated program to monitor for freedom of several economically important diseases is present within most of the breeding companies that currently deliver high health breeding animals to their customers. Serology is therefore the preferential approach in order to screen for most of these diseases, including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). However, in case of positive serology, further decisions on farm health status and the related consequences should be based on additional confirmation tests.Case presentationThe current case report demonstrates that tracheo-bronchial swab (TBS) sampling is a suitable alternative to confirm a suspect M. hyopneumoniae-seropositive situation. A Central-European SPF herd was shown positive (90% positive, 10% suspect; n = 10) for M. hyopneumoniae using the conventional ELISA serology (Idexx HerdChek Mhyo ELISA) and a second ELISA test (IDEIA™ Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae EIA kit) did not exclude potential M. hyopneumoniae infection (10% positive, 70% suspect; n = 10). Further follow-up remained inconclusive on both tests. Throughout the entire monitoring period of 6 months, no coughing, necropsy lesions or lesions at slaughter could be detected which could confirm the M. hyopneumoniae health status. TBS sampling was used to confirm the health status for M. hyopneumoniae. In total, 162 samples were collected at different ages (n = 18 per age category): piglets at 3–6–9-12 and 15 wks of age, rearing gilts at 18–21-24 and 27 weeks of age. Collected TBS samples were negative for M. hyopneumoniae until 15 wks of age, but rearing gilts were highly M. hyopneumoniae-positive from 18 wks onwards with 87–100% M. hyopneumoniae-positive animals and PCR Ct-values between 25 and 33.ConclusionsThis case report shows that collection of TBS samples to confirm the M. hyopneumoniae infection status of a breeding herd was able to provide additional information to serology in order to make crucial decisions concerning health management and eradication strategies within the breeding herd.

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“…Of special importance is the fact that M. hyopneumoniae survival outside of the host is limited, based on the pathogen dependence on the host environment. Nevertheless, data from Browne et al (2017)…”

Section: Management and Biosecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, data from Browne et al. () suggest that M. hyopneumoniae can survive outside of host on certain plastic surfaces and in dust for up to 8 days when temperatures are low (4°C). This information highlights the need to keep decontamination systems in place in order to avoid pathogen introduction.…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update onMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeinfections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control

Maes

Sibila

Kuhnert

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

214

229

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SummaryMycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Infections occur worldwide and cause major economic losses to the pig industry. The present paper reviews the current knowledge on M. hyopneumoniae infections, with emphasis on identification and analysis of knowledge gaps for optimizing control of the disease. Close contact between infected and susceptible pigs is the main route of M. hyopneumoniae transmission. Management and housing conditions predisposing for infection or disease are known, but further research is needed to better understand M. hyopneumoniae transmission patterns in modern pig production systems, and to assess the impor-

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Low temperature and dust favourin vitrosurvival ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae: time to revisit indirect transmission in pig housing

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of thermal control of dry fomites on regulating the survival of human pathogenic bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections

Effect of thermal control of dry fomites on regulating the survival of human pathogenic bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections

Use of trachea-bronchial swab qPCR testing to confirm Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae seropositivity in an SPF breeding herd

Update onMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeinfections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control

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