Low-Temperature Carbothermic Reduction of Indonesia Nickel Lateritic Ore with Sub-Bituminous Coal

Setiawan, Iwan; Harjanto, Sri; Subagja, Rudi

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/202/1/012019

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The reduction rate or metallization of metal oxide will increase with increasing the reduction temperature (Li et al, 2012;Setiawan, Harjanto and Subagja, 2017). Thus, metal recovery will increase with the increase in temperature.…”

Section: Effect Of Reduction Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite

Nurjaman,

Sari,

Handoko

et al. 2021

IMJ

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Processing nickel laterite conventionally, namely by pyrometallurgy method, requires high temperature and energy, results in a costive process. Due to its lower temperature reduction process, selective reduction with additives could be an alternative in nickel ore processing. Additives such as sulfur/sulfate have a critical role in promoting the low melting point phase. Sulfur is also found in coal. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of sulfur content in reductant on selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore. In this work, the effect of sulfur content (2.68% and 5% S) in anthracite coal as a reductant on selective reduction of limonitic ore was studied clearly. Nickel ore, reductant and sodium sulfate were mixed homogenously and pelletized up to 10-15 mm in diameter. Pellets were reduced using a muffle furnace at 950 to 1150°C for 60 min. Reduced pellets were crushed into -200 mesh before separating the ferronickel and its impurities using a wet magnetic separation process. The result showed that the anthracite coal with 5% S produced concentrate containing 3.56% Ni with 95,97% recovery, which is higher than 2.68% S. The sulfur content in reductant could replace the addition of sulfur/sulfate as the additives in the selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore.

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Section: Effect Of Reduction Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite

Nurjaman,

Sari,

Handoko

et al. 2021

IMJ

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“…Peningkatan temperatur reduksi meningkatkan derajat reduksi Fe dan Ni. Pada temperatur reduksi carbothermic rendah (<1000 O C) reduksi dengan batubara sub bituminus meningkatkan grade Ni dari 1,7% menjadi 5% [9]. Dalam kondisi kering semua bahan ditimbang dan dicampur sampai homogen, ditambahkan air sampai material bisa dibentuk menjadi pelet berukuran 2x2x2cm.…”

Section: Dasar Teoriunclassified

Pemanfaatan Karbon Biomassa sebagai Reduktor dalam Ekstraksi Fe-Ni dari Bijih Nikel Laterit

Abidin

Harjanto

Kawigraha

et al. 2019

Prosid Sem Nas Teknoka

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Pada proses pengolahan bijih nikel laterit, kokas dan agen reduktor lain diperlukan sebagai bahan utama sumber karbon untuk mereduksi senyawa oksida dalam laterit. Salah satu alternatif untuk mengganti ketergantungan reduktor konvensional adalah karbon biomassa yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sumber reduktor berkelanjutan. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilakukan proses reduksi langsung terhadap bijih nikel laterit untuk mendapatkan recovery besi dan nikel dengan menggunakan arang batok kelapa sebagai reduktor karbon biomassa. Reduksi dilakukan pada temperatur 1200OC ditahan 90 menit, pemanasan dilanjutkan sampai 1500OC dan ditahan 15 menit. Variasi penambahan arang batok kelapa yang digunakan adalah 25%, 37.5% dan 45% massa. Selain itu ditambahkan 10% CaCO3 untuk menurunkan titik lebur dan mengasilkan recovery Fe-Ni yang lebih tinggi. Uji komposisi kimia dilakukan pada bijih nikel laterit dan hasil reduksi untuk mengetahui recovery besi dan nikel. Analisa mineralogi dan karakterisasi struktur mikro untuk menganalisis pemetaan morfologi permukaan nikel laterit setelah reduksi.

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“…The reduction followed by the magnetic separation (RMS) process has been developed as an alternative process in pyrometallurgy of nickel laterite processing to produce ferronickel (Zhu et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2017;Suharno et al, 2023). It has some advantages compared with the conventional method, such as blast furnace and rotary kiln electric furnace; they are (1) low-temperature reduction process, which is about 1100-1200°C, resulting in low gas emission and cost production (Dong et al, 2018); (2) exibility in using any kind of carbonaceous reductants, such as low-rank coal and biomass (Setiawan et al, 2017;Hidayanti et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2021); and (3) easy handling for either product or by-product due to noliquidus phase formation. Therefore, the RMS process will be feasible to extract the valuable metals in the nickel residue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Solid Residue from the Lateritic Nickel Ore Leaching Process for Ferronickel Production

Nurjaman,

Sari,

Adhalia

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The hydrometallurgical process of nickel laterite leaves a residue that still contains valuable elements. Its utilization can improve overall process efficiency and reduce environmental damage. In this work, the recovery of nickel and iron from nickel residue resulting from the citric acid leach process has been carried out by using the reduction followed by a magnetic separation process (RMS). The effect of reductant and additive dosage, reduction temperature, and holding time on metal grade and recovery, phase transformation, and microstructure of ferronickel has been investigated clearly. The nickel residue was mixed with 5–20 wt% of sodium sulfate and 0.1 to 0.5 of stoichiometric anthracite coal as additive and reductant, respectively. It was agglomerated into pellets with a diameter of 10–15 mm. The reduction process of pellets was conducted at 950–1250°C for 15 to 75 minutes. The reduced pellets were ground and put into a magnetic separation unit using a 500 Gausses magnetic field to produce the magnetic ferronickel and the non-magnetic impurities. The optimum result obtained by reducing the pellet contains 10 wt% of sodium sulfate and 0.1 of stoichiometric coal at 1150°C for 60 minutes, producing ferronickel has 5.74% and 73.18% of nickel and iron grade with 97.79% and 32.99% of recovery, respectively.

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Low-Temperature Carbothermic Reduction of Indonesia Nickel Lateritic Ore with Sub-Bituminous Coal

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite

Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite

Pemanfaatan Karbon Biomassa sebagai Reduktor dalam Ekstraksi Fe-Ni dari Bijih Nikel Laterit

Valorization of Solid Residue from the Lateritic Nickel Ore Leaching Process for Ferronickel Production

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