Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NH3), a green NH3 production route upon combining
with renewable
energy sources, is an appealing and alternative method to the Haber–Bosch
process. However, this process not only involves the complicated eight-electron
reduction to transform nitrate into various nitrogen products but
simultaneously suffers from the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction,
challenged by a lack of efficient catalysts. Herein, the in
situ growth of Fe2O3 nanorod arrays
on carbon cloth (Fe2O3 NRs/CC) is reported to
exhibit a high NH3 yield rate of 328.17 μmol h–1 cm–2 at −0.9 V versus RHE,
outperforming most of the reported Fe catalysts. An in situ growth strategy provides massive exposed active sites and a fast
electron-transport channel between the carbon cloth and Fe2O3, which accelerates the charge-transport rate and facilitates
the conversion of nitrate to NH3. In situ Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with attenuated total reflection
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the catalytic mechanism
of nitrate to NH3. Our study provides not only an efficient
catalyst for NH3 production but also useful guidelines
for the pathways and mechanism of nitrate electroreduction to NH3.