Low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: challenges and progress of surface/interface modifications for advanced performance

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly required to work under extreme temperature conditions with the continuous expansion of their applications. Significant loss of energy and power densities with decreased temperatures is still...

Structural Engineering of Anode Materials for Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Prospects

“…Here, represents the electrochemical reaction rate within LIBs, A is the pre-exponential factor, denotes the activation energy, T signifies the absolute temperature, and R symbolizes the ideal gas constant. Principally, the reaction rate experiences an exponential decline as the temperature decreases [ 27 ]; thus, it becomes difficult to achieve an expeditious reaction rate at LT. For example, the diffusion of Li + and the transfer of electrons within the architecture of anode materials are largely limited at LT, and these rates are greatly dependent on the intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivities of electrodes [ 18 ]. Therefore, the rates of electron transfer and Li + diffusivity inside electrode materials are the key parameters for the batteries’ LT performance.…”

“…Key approaches include surface coating and interface modification. Both strategies aim to improve the electronic conductivity, relieve the volume change during cycling, accelerate the desolvation process, suppress the interface side reactions, and avoid the growth of lithium dendrite for the LT anode [ 27 ]. The typical anode materials with modified surface or interface and their LT performance are listed in Table 3 .…”

Challenges and Advances in Rechargeable Batteries for Extreme‐Condition Applications

“…Li metal has been honored as the "ultimate anode" and "holy grail" in Li-metal batteries because of its extremely large theoretical specific capacity (≈3860 mAh g −1 ) which is ≈10 times higher than that of the commercial graphite anode. [23,107] Unfortunately, the cycling of Li anode suffers from dendrite growth, which can destroy the SEI and eventually lead to the formation of dead Li along with severe electrolyte depletion. [108] These issues are more prominent under extreme temperatures.…”

Locally Curved Surface with CoN4 Sites Enables Hard Carbon with Superior Sodium‐Ion Storage Performances at −40 °C

“…This resistance is closely linked to the strength of the binding energy between solvated Na + and the electrolyte/electrode interface. [18,19] Consequently, addressing these challenges necessitates the enhancement of interfacial reaction kinetics through the modulation of surface localized structures. [19] We noticed that the localized carbon structure can be readily modulated by introducing atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated N x -M sites (M = Fe, [20] Co, [21] Zn, [22] Cu, [23] etc.)…”

“…[18,19] Consequently, addressing these challenges necessitates the enhancement of interfacial reaction kinetics through the modulation of surface localized structures. [19] We noticed that the localized carbon structure can be readily modulated by introducing atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated N x -M sites (M = Fe, [20] Co, [21] Zn, [22] Cu, [23] etc.) in carbon (C─N x ─M) because of the approaching atomic radius between C/N, which has been extensively investigated in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrocatalytic fields.…”