Low temperature oxidation of copper: The formation of CuO

Lenglet, M.; Kartouni, K.; Machefert, J. M.; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Stein, Nicolas; Beauprez, E.; Heinrich, Jürgen G.; Celati, N.

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(95)00025-9

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…After 3 minutes, a layer with a thickness of about 50 nm has formed, with Cu 2 O at the outer surface. After 30 minutes the surface consists of Cu 3 O 2 , with a total layer thickness of about 100 nm [75]. Heat treatment of a cable with bare copper strands under transverse pressure shows a reduction in interstrand electrical resistance.…”

Section: Non-cored Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability of superconducting Rutherford cables for accelerator magnets

Willering

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f c e e r g s o r a c l r a t o m a n e t Gerard Willering S t a b i l i t y o f S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r C b l e R u t h e f o r d a s PrefaceThe work described in this thesis results from an extensive collaboration between the special chair for Industrial Application of Superconductors in the Low Temperature Division at the University of Twente and the Magnets, Superconductors and Cryostats group at CERN. The research has been carried out at CERN as well as at the University of Twente and it is funded by both institutes. Part of the cable samples were prepared by GSI in the frame of research collaboration on cable stability.I am very grateful to the members of these groups for giving me the opportunity to perform the research, for their interest and useful discussions.i ContentsPreface i Chapter 1 IntroductionAfter the discovery of superconductivity in the beginning of the 20 th century the understanding of the phenomenon has grown. Practical conductors are produced for various magnet applications. Although the number of superconducting materials is high, only a few can be used in high-field and high-current density applications. This thesis deals with cable stability, with the focus on application in accelerator magnets.In this chapter a brief overview of the existing and near future accelerators and their superconducting magnets is presented. The most recent superconducting accelerator, the lhc and the near future superconducting accelerator sis 300 are described.The phenomenon of superconductivity is shortly discussed and practical superconductors are introduced with an emphasis on strands and cables. Different types of cables are presented and the relevance of this thesis for in particular the Rutherford type of cable is discussed.The terms quench and recovery are introduced. The importance of research on stability is illustrated by the large number of training quenches in the lhc main dipole magnets. Superconducting accelerator magnetsIn High Energy Physics the interaction of elementary particles is being studied. Many particle accelerators have been constructed to accelerate particles and collide them at high energy. Synchrotron accelerators provide a circular track with RFcavities to accelerate bunches of particles each cycle.Synchrotron accelerators require dipole magnets to bend the particle beam and keep it in its circular track. Quadrupole magnets are used to focus and defocus the beam and higher-order magnets correct field distortions and chromaticity. The collision energy depends on the magnetic field in the aperture of the dipole B a (T) and the bending radius of the dipole magnets r d (km) following E ≈ 0.3B a r d (TeV). The limitation in the track circumference is strongly dictated by the amount of material and the costs involved. In normal conducting magnets iron is applied to enhance the electromagnetic field produced with copper windings. The magnetic field in iron saturates at about 2 T, therefore the needed amount of copper windings and the costs involved increase strongly for hig...

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Section: Non-cored Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[74] By applying a variety of oxidation treatments, the thickness of the Cu-O layer on copper plates is varied [78]. The heat treatments correspond to a thickness of the oxide layer of 0 to 100 nm [75]. The surface resistance between the plates as a function of temperature is displayed in figure 4.3 for samples Nilles-1 to 4.…”

Section: Electrical Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of superconducting Rutherford cables for accelerator magnets

Willering

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“…On the other side copper lacks of a self-passivating oxide films [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], as it is the case, for example, for aluminum or indium. Typically, as a result of oxidation a multilayered structure is formed on surface with composition CuO/Cu 2 O/Cu [2,4,7,9]. Several works reported about inhomogeneous surface of the oxide surface [7,9,11] with typical inplane size of inhomogeneities of several microns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…XPS allows to define binding energies of surface elements and thus detects presence of copper and different oxides [1][2][3][6][7][8]. Since the crystallographic parameters of copper and its various oxides differs, XRD enables to investigate them in detail [2,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of thin oxide layer on surface of copper caused by implantation of high-energy oxygen ions

Khaydukov

Soltwedel

Marchenko

et al. 2017

J. Synch. Investig.

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Combination of neutron and X-ray reflectometry was used to study the vertical structure of 100 nm-thin copper films with implanted oxygen ions of energy E = [1030] keV and doses. The study shows that oxygen ion implantation with an energy of E = 30 keV leads to the formation of a 3 nm thick layer on the surface. Density and copper/oxygen stoichiometry of the observed surface layer are close to Cu 2 O oxide. We attribute the Cu 2 O oxide formation to highly mobilized copper atoms generated by stimulated ion implantation.

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Catalytic Methanol Oxidation over Copper: Observation of Reaction-Induced Nanoscale Restructuring by Means of In Situ Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

et al. 2000

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The catalytically active copper phase for the partial oxidation of methanol is studied by means of time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy combined with the detection of the catalytic turnover. It is found that the active form of the copper is a strained nanocrystalline form of the metal. The metal is no longer made up from large crystallites but contains a defect structure in which oxygen is already intercalated.

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Low temperature oxidation of copper: The formation of CuO

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Stability of superconducting Rutherford cables for accelerator magnets

Stability of superconducting Rutherford cables for accelerator magnets

Formation of thin oxide layer on surface of copper caused by implantation of high-energy oxygen ions

Catalytic Methanol Oxidation over Copper: Observation of Reaction-Induced Nanoscale Restructuring by Means of In Situ Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

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