Low-temperature sintering PZT-based ceramics for extreme condition application

(Sb0.5Li0.5)TiO3-Doping Effect and Sintering Condition Tailoring in BaTiO3-Based Ceramics

“…Figure 6 shows SEM images and grain size distribution of the BSBiTZ-xSLT compositions, where x = 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 samples are sintered at 1155 • C, 1155 • C and 1170 • C, respectively. Combined with Figure 5(c1,c2), all BSBiTZ-xSLT ceramics with the largest relative density in respective compositions present densified micro-morphology and mainly spherical-like shaped grains due to the low melting point of Bi 2 O 3 [21], inducing liquid-phase sintering and promoting grain growth of Li 2 CO 3 and Sb 2 O 3 [13,17]. The BSBiTZ-0.025SLT and BSBiTZ-0.05SLT ceramics exhibit rather homogenous grain morphol-ogy, whereas BSBiTZ-0.075SLT has a large number of grains with small grain size, and BSBiTZ-0.1SLT presents bimodal grain size distribution and abnormal grain growth.…”

“…SEM photos and corresponding grain size distribution statistical curves of the BSBiTZ-0.025SLT ceramics measured by a linear intersection method using the Nano Measure software sintered at 1125 • C, 1140 • C, 1155 • C, 1170 • C and 1185 • C are shown in Figure 5. Most grains show a nearly spherical shape, demonstrating the important role of the liquidphase sintering mechanism in densification due to the addition of SLT and Bi elements [3,21]. With the increase in sintering temperature, gas pores decrease first, and reach a minimum at a sintering temperature of 1155 • C, whose sample has the largest relative density of 96.60%, and then increase, coinciding well with the decrease in relative density.…”

“…Materials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18 elements [3,21]. With the increase in sintering temperature, gas pores decrease first, and reach a minimum at a sintering temperature of 1155 °C, whose sample has the largest relative density of 96.60%, and then increase, coinciding well with the decrease in relative density.…”

“…Point defects caused by doping with heterovalent ions exert additional influence as shown below by defect chemical reaction equations in the matrix [21]:…”

“…It is well known that the preparation method and ceramic processing are closely related to the properties and structure of ceramics, among which the research on the influence of sintering temperature is the basis of all studies [18][19][20]. Li et al obtained small grain size, narrow grain size distribution, uniform morphology and high-density Pb(Zr 0.5 Ti 0.5 )O 3 -based ceramics due to low sintering temperatures [21]. He et al found nanoscale grain size in the [(Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15 ) 0.995 Nd 0.005 ](Ti 0.9 Hf 0.1 )O 3 ceramics prepared via hydrothermal method exhibited an increasing trend with the increase in sintering temperature and holding time, which significantly affected the dielectric constant and T C temperature [22].…”