Low temperature, solution-processed perovskite solar cells and modules with an aperture area efficiency of 11%

Calabrò, Emanuele; Matteocci, Fabio; Palma, Alessandro Lorenzo; Vesce, Luigi; Taheri, Babak; Carlini, Laura; Píš, Igor; Nappini, Silvia; Dagar, Janardan; Battocchio, Chiara; Brown, Thomas M.; Carlo, Aldo Di

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.05.001

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Here, three different scribes, or patterns, are applied on different layers of the device to make the interconnects. With this method, high g-FF can be achieved for architectures that employ metal top contacts, e.g., below 80% [19], around 85% [20] or even more than 90% [21][22][23]. Furthermore, the scribing method is particularly suitable for large area productions because it can be used in either sheet-to-sheet or roll-to-roll processes [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

et al. 2020

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The fully printable carbon triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) has already demonstrated good efficiency and long-term stability, opening the possibility of lab-to-fab transition. Modules based on C-PSC architecture have been reported and, at present, are achieved through the accurate registration of each of the patterned layers using screen-printing. Modules based on this approach were reported with geometric fill factor (g-FF) as high as 70%. Another approach to create the interconnects, the so-called scribing method, was reported to achieve more than 90% g-FF for architectures based on evaporated metal contacts, i.e., without a carbon counter electrode. Here, for the first time, we adopt the scribing method to selectively remove materials within a C-PSC. This approach allowed a deep and selective scribe to open an aperture from the transparent electrode through all the layers, including the blocking layer, enabling a direct contact between the electrodes in the interconnects. In this work, a systematic study of the interconnection area between cells is discussed, showing the key role of the FTO/carbon contact. Furthermore, a module on 10 × 10 cm2 substrate with the optimised design showing efficiency over 10% is also demonstrated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

et al. 2020

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“…After impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 23% have been reached on lab‐scale small‐area (<1 cm 2 ) devices, the scalability and stability of PSCs are now among the most important technological challenges. Thin‐film PSCs with the perovskite absorber layer processed on top of an n‐type selective contact, such as zinc, titanium, indium, and tin oxide (ZnO, TiO 2 , InO 3 , and SnO 2 ), are among the most commonly used device architectures and referred to as “regular” or n‐i‐p devices. SnO 2 was realized as a better n‐type selective contact due to energetic match between SnO 2 and perovskite conduction bands and low temperature processing compared with TiO 2 ETL .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thin‐film PSCs with the perovskite absorber layer processed on top of an n‐type selective contact, such as zinc, titanium, indium, and tin oxide (ZnO, TiO 2 , InO 3 , and SnO 2 ), are among the most commonly used device architectures and referred to as “regular” or n‐i‐p devices. SnO 2 was realized as a better n‐type selective contact due to energetic match between SnO 2 and perovskite conduction bands and low temperature processing compared with TiO 2 ETL . However, n‐i‐p devices often exhibit substantial discrepancies between current–voltage measurements—hysteresis—in different scan directions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali Salts as Interface Modifiers in n‐i‐p Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2019

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After demonstration of a 23% power conversion efficiency, a high operational stability is the next most important scientific and technological challenge in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A potential failure mechanism is tied to a bias‐induced ion migration, which causes current–voltage hysteresis and a decay in the device performance over time. Herein, alkali salts are shown to mitigate hysteresis and stabilize device performance in n‐i‐p hybrid planar PSCs. Different alkali salts of potassium chloride, iodide, and nitrate as well as sodium chloride and iodide are deposited from aqueous solution onto the n‐type contact, based on SnO2, prior to deposition of the perovskite absorber Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. Introduction of potassium‐based alkali salts suppresses the current–voltage hysteresis and stabilizes the operational device stability at the maximum power point. This is attributed to the suppression of hole trapping at the n‐type selective transport layer (SnO2)/perovskite interface observed by surface photovoltage spectroscopy, which is interpreted to reduce interfacial recombination and improve charge carrier extraction. The best and most stable performance of 19% is achieved using potassium nitrate as the interface modifier. Devices with higher and more stable performance exhibit substantially lower current transients, analyzed during maximum power point tracking.

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“…However, the performance of PSCs utilizing "lowtemperature" SnO2 deposited from SnCl2.2H2O precursor solution dissolved in hydrous ethanol (0.1M concentration) is not always at the same level as that obtained from "hightemperature alternatives", and show less reproducibility and significant hysteresis due to the presence of surface traps at the interface of SnO2 and perovskite layer. Several treatments to the SnO2 layer including UV light exposure [11], water vapor treatments [22], together with plasma-enhanced atomic-layer deposition (PEALD) [23] have been carried out in order to enhance the performance of SnO2 based PSCs. Another route consists in developing composite ETLs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Thin SnO₂/Al₂O₃Double Electron Transport Layers Toward 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Dagar

Castro‐Hermosa

Lucarelli

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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We present planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating thin SnO2/Al2O3 double electron transport layers between the perovskite and an indium tin oxide (ITO) bottom electrode. When measured under 1 sun illumination, we obtained a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.1% and a steady state efficiency of 17.8% for the best cell. These values were ~ 20-30% higher in relative terms than that of cells with SnO2 only (i.e. a maximum PCE of 15.3% and a steady state PCE of 14.9%). Insertion of the thin UV-irradiated solution-processed nanoparticle Al2O3 interlayer effectively enhanced the wettability of the electron transport layer, provided enhanced interface area, as well as a lower work function, leading to improved charge extraction. Incorporation of an Al2O3 layer between the perovskite and SnO2 layers also improved the rectification ratios of the diodes as well as both series and shunt resistances. Our devices are fabricated using fully solution-processed transport and active semiconducting layers processed at low temperatures (≤ 150 °C).

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Low temperature, solution-processed perovskite solar cells and modules with an aperture area efficiency of 11%

Cited by 52 publications

References 46 publications

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

Alkali Salts as Interface Modifiers in n‐i‐p Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Thin SnO₂/Al₂O₃Double Electron Transport Layers Toward 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Low temperature, solution-processed perovskite solar cells and modules with an aperture area efficiency of 11%

Cited by 52 publications

References 46 publications

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

Alkali Salts as Interface Modifiers in n‐i‐p Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Thin SnO2/Al2O3Double Electron Transport Layers Toward 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Product

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Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Thin SnO₂/Al₂O₃Double Electron Transport Layers Toward 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells