“…They are therefore unstable during the crystal growth as a result of reducing total surface energy of crystals [30]. Up to now, a number of methods have been used to synthesize m-BiVO 4 , such as solid-state reaction [31][32][33][34], aqueous process [19,35], sol-gel method [36], flame spray pyrolysis [37], hydrothermal method [21,29,[38][39][40], microwave-assisted synthesis [41] and solvothermal route [42]. However, most of the synthesized m-BiVO 4 samples are generally dominated by randomly orientation without expected exposure of (0 1 0) facets.…”