Low-Threshold Diode-Pumped 2.3-$\mu$ m Tm3+:YLF Lasers

Yorulmaz, Ismail; Sennaroğlu, Alphan

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2018.2791409

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…12(a). Note that for about 1-2 at.% Tm-doping which was typically used in the previous studies [17,19,20,25], η q2 is below 1 which agrees with the observed laser slope efficiencies. For 3.5 at.% Tmdoping, as in our case, η q2 > 1 can be observed, cf.…”

Section: Modeling Of the Laser Performancesupporting

confidence: 87%

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Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Loiko

Soulard

Guillemot³

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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The 3 H 4 → 3 H 5 transition of Thulium ions (Tm 3+), which features laser emission at ~2.3 µm is studied in details. We revise the conditions for efficient laser operation using a rateequation model accounting for the ground-state bleaching, crossrelaxation and energy-transfer upconversion (ETU). We show that ETU has a crucial role in reaching more than unity pump quantum efficiency (QY) for ~2.3 µm Tm lasers based on highlydoped crystals. A Ti:Sapphire pumped quasi-continuous-wave 3.5 at.% Tm:LiYF 4 laser generated 0.73 W at 2306 nm with a record-high slope efficiency of 47.3% (versus the absorbed pump power) featuring a QY of 1.27. Diode-pumping of this crystal yielded a peak output power of >2 W. The first 2.3 µm Tm waveguide laser is also reported based on Tm:LiYF 4 epitaxial layers with even higher doping of 6.2 at.% generating 0.23 W with a slope efficiency of 19.8%. The spectroscopic properties of Tm:LiYF 4 relevant for the ~2.3 µm laser operation are revised as well.

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Section: Modeling Of the Laser Performancesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, the doping cannot be too low to keep a reasonable pump absorption efficiency. As a result of such considerations, ~2.3 µm Tm:LiYF 4 lasers reported to date were based on crystals with low doping levels, about 1-2 at.% [17,19,20,25].…”

Section: H 4 → 3 H 5 Laser Transition (~34%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Loiko

Soulard

Guillemot³

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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“…This finding contradicts Caird's theory, which states that an increase in output coupling level leads to an increase in slope efficiency [28]. This contradiction was previously observed in different Tm 3+ -doped laser systems [29][30][31], mainly due to an upconversion process in Tm 3+ -ions [15,16]. Second, in all cases, decreasing the output coupling level yielded lower threshold values, which is in good agreement with the classical laser theory [32].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 59%

Low-cost multimode diode-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm:LuAG lasers

Beyatli¹

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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We report a continuous-wave operation of Tm:YAG and Tm:LuAG lasers pumped with a low-cost, multimode AlGaAs laser diode. First, the lifetime and the absorbance behavior of 5 mm, 6% Tm 3+-doped YAG and LuAG crystals were thoroughly investigated. A low-cost multimode 3W laser diode at 781 nm was then used as a pump source for the Tm 3+-doped laser systems. Using three different output couplers, up to 636 mW of output power was obtained from Tm:YAG laser, with a slope efficiency of 29% at 2017 nm. The maximum output power was 637 mW in the Tm:LuAG laser, with a slope efficiency of 28% at 2023 nm. The lasing performances showed a decreasing slope efficiency with an

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“…There exist several possibilities to obtain emission near 2.3 µm from solid-state lasers. Cr 2+ -doped II-IV group materials-zinc chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe)-give rise to a broadly tunable laser emission covering the desired wavelength is the availability of pump sources (e.g., AlGaAs laser diodes 90 [20] whose emission at ∼0.8 µm well overlaps with an intense 91 and broad 3 H 6 → 3 H 4 Tm 3+ absorption band) and laser gain 92 media (e.g., Tm:LiYF 4 single-crystals [21] or Tm:ZBLAN glass 93 fibers [22]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The above considerations, however, greatly limited the selec-95 tion of active gain media for bulk ∼2.3 µm Tm lasers from 96 the point of view of the host matrix (only low-phonon energy 97 crystals, e.g., fluorides) and the Tm doping level (preferably low, 98 to prevent self-quenching of the 3 H 4 lifetime). Thus, in most of 99 the previous studies, mainly Tm:LiYF 4 crystals with relatively 100 low doping levels were studied (see, e.g., [20,21]).…”

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confidence: 99%

Highly efficient 2.3 µm thulium lasers based on a high-phonon-energy crystal: evidence of vibronic-assisted emissions

et al. 2021

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We report on highly efficient 1 and power-scalable laser operation in a thulium-doped high-phonon-energy crystal [monoclinic double tungstate, KLu(WO 4 ) 2 ] on the 3 H 4 → 3 H 5 Tm 3+ transition giving rise to the short-wave infrared emission at ∼2.3 µm. A 3 at. % Tm-doped crystal generated a maximum continuous-wave output power of 1.12 W at ∼2.22 and 2.29 µm with a record-high slope efficiency of 69.2% (versus the absorbed pump power), a slightly multimode beam (M 2x , y = 2.2 and 2.6), and a linear laser polarization. The ∼2.3 µm laser outperformed the one operating on the conventional 3 F 4 → 3 H 6 transition (at ∼1.95 µm). The effect of the Tm concentration on the ∼2.3 µm laser performance indicates a gradually increasing pump quantum efficiency for the 3 H 4 upper laser level with the Tm doping. For the 3 at. % Tm-doped crystal, it reached 1.8±0.1 (almost two-for-one pump process), which is attributed to efficient energy-transfer upconversion. We discuss the physical nature of the laser emissions occurring at intermediate wavelengths between the electronic 3 H 4 → 3 H 5 and 3 F 4 → 3 H 6 transitions and highlight the role of electron-phonon coupling (vibronic processes) in the appearance of such laser lines. This allowed us to better understand the near-and mid-infrared emission from thulium ions, which can be used in broadly tunable and fs mode-locked 2-2.3 µm lasers.

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Low-Threshold Diode-Pumped 2.3-$\mu$ m Tm3+:YLF Lasers

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Low-cost multimode diode-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm:LuAG lasers

Highly efficient 2.3 µm thulium lasers based on a high-phonon-energy crystal: evidence of vibronic-assisted emissions

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Low-Threshold Diode-Pumped 2.3-$\mu$ m Tm3+:YLF Lasers

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Efficient Tm:LiYF4 Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Efficient Tm:LiYF4 Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Low-cost multimode diode-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm:LuAG lasers

Highly efficient 2.3 µm thulium lasers based on a high-phonon-energy crystal: evidence of vibronic-assisted emissions

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Product

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Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion

Efficient Tm:LiYF₄ Lasers at ${\sim}2.3~\mu$ m: Effect of Energy-Transfer Upconversion