Low volatility antioxidants for scorch protection of polyurethane foams

Gray, Robert L.; Lee, Robert E.; Sanders, Brent

doi:10.1002/vnl.10138

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…31 In recent years, the low migration ability of high molecular weight SPAs has led to their preferential use in polymers. 13,37,38 Although most SPAs are used in industrial products, it should be noted that some SPAs, such as BHT, BHA, and TBHQ, are also used as food antioxidants. BHT can be added singly or in combination with BHA or TBHQ to fats and oils (100 mg/kg), seasonings and condiments (200 mg/kg), and chewing gum and other food supplements (400 mg/kg) at different allowable concentrations.…”

Section: Physicochemical Properties Production and Use Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2000, 27% of the BHT produced was used in plastics, another 27% in rubber, 17% in fuel additives and mineral oil, 12% in pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, and cosmetics, and 11% in animal feed, with the remaining 6% being used in printing inks and miscellaneous applications . In recent years, the low migration ability of high molecular weight SPAs has led to their preferential use in polymers. ,, Although most SPAs are used in industrial products, it should be noted that some SPAs, such as BHT, BHA, and TBHQ, are also used as food antioxidants. BHT can be added singly or in combination with BHA or TBHQ to fats and oils (100 mg/kg), seasonings and condiments (200 mg/kg), and chewing gum and other food supplements (400 mg/kg) at different allowable concentrations .…”

Section: Physicochemical Properties Production and Use Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Liu

Mabury

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

219

148

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions and lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these issues and provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs have been detected in various environmental matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, and river water. Recent studies have also observed the occurrence of SPAs, such as 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP), in humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, and fingernails). In addition to these parent compounds, some transformation products have also been detected both in the environment and in humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, and use of personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an important exposure pathway. Toxicity studies suggest some SPAs may cause hepatic toxicity, have endocrine disrupting effects, or even be carcinogenic. The toxicity effects of some transformation products are likely worse than those of the parent compound. For example, 2,6-di-tertbutyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can cause DNA damage at low concentrations. Future studies should investigate the contamination and environmental behaviors of novel high molecular weight SPAs, toxicity effects of coexposure to several SPAs, and toxicity effects on infants. Future studies should also develop novel SPAs with low toxicity and low migration ability, decreasing the potential for environmental pollution.

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Section: Physicochemical Properties Production and Use Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physicochemical Properties Production and Use Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Liu

Mabury

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

219

148

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“…It is considered in the literature [21] that for the polyether-based polyurethanes (used in the present study as model elastomers) this step involves the scission of the PU molecule into primary amine and proceeds by a radical chain process. The addition of antioxidants, in particular sterically hindered phenols, can stabilize PU against oxidation [22].…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Fractionation of technical lignins as a tool for improvement of their antioxidant properties

Arshanitsa

Ponomarenko

Dizhbite

et al. 2013

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

106

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a b s t r a c tThe modern biorefinery concept is aimed at the elaboration of sustainable processes with the most profitable utilization of all biomass products obtained at the technological cycle. Lignin separated as byproduct in the lignocellulosic chemical processing is recognized as an important component of polymer systems. The presence of sterically hindered phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin macromolecule opens the possibility of its application as antioxidant for composites, e.g. polyurethanes (PU), which are considered as one of the most versatile polymeric materials. In the present work, the object of investigations was lignin obtained as a product, so-called BIOLIGNIN TM , of wheat straw organosolv processing for pulp and fuel ethanol production (CIMV pilot plant, France). However, heterogeneity of the lignin obtained negatively influences its applicability that can be overcome by fractionation. Three soluble fractions were isolated from CIMV lignin by a sequential extraction with dichloromethane (A fraction), methanol (B fraction) and mixture of both the solvents (C fraction) and characterized in terms of their composition, functionality and structure using analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), 31 P NMR and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) methods. Antioxidant properties of BIOLIGNIN TM fractions were assessed in the tests with free radicals ABTS • + and DPPH • . Application of Py-GC/MS for characterization of the fractions opened an opportunity to found some novel "structure-activity" correlations needed for understanding and tuning of antioxidant properties of lignins. The antioxidant activity of the fractions under investigation was tested by their influence on thermo-oxidative destruction of prepared model PU films. The data of TGA method (oxidative conditions) clearly testified the antioxidant effect of all three fractions with the most prominent activity for C fraction. The shifting of the exothermal maxima connected with oxidizing of volatile products of PU destruction to the higher temperature region by 20-30 K and 30-40 K was registered.

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“…Although this phenomenon has been known for 40 years, there is no clear understanding of the chemistry of scorch because too many factors affect the discoloration. Gray and co‐workers et al ,11, 12 and Pernice and Pizziolo13 believed that soft segments of the foam, which are chemically aliphatic polyethers or aliphatic polyesters, are more prone to oxidation than rigid segments represented by isocyanurates and therefore the soft segments are responsible for the scorch.…”

Section: Thermal Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire‐retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature

Levchik

Weil²

2004

Polymer International

387

251

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An overview is presented of the literature on thermal decomposition, combustion and fireretardancy of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, PU-based coatings, rigid and flexible PU foams. A brief overview of the structure of PU polymeric networks is helpful for a better understanding of the thermal decomposition and combustion phenomena. Literature sources were mostly taken from the publications of 1995 and later; however, for a basic description of the structural and thermal decomposition principles, older publication have also been cited. New developments in the efficient halogen-containing additives and reactive copolymers are described. However, major progress in the area of flame-retardant PUs in recent years is found in the field of phosphorus-or silicon-containing products, especially reactive ones. Inorganic additives remain of great interest, especially in PU-based intumescent coatings.

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Low volatility antioxidants for scorch protection of polyurethane foams

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Fractionation of technical lignins as a tool for improvement of their antioxidant properties

Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire‐retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature

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