Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in 6- to 8-Year-Old Children Using Hand-Held Dynamometry

Macfarlane, Tammy S.; Larson, Cathy A.; Stiller, Christine

doi:10.1097/pep.0b013e318172432d

Cited by 47 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Preliminary analysis showed that our study sample was generally similar in height, weight [18,20,33], and BMI [19,38] compared with other studies, but boys and girls of our study sample were slightly taller and had higher body weight from 13 years onwards. The results of the muscle strength measurements were comparable with previous studies [2,4,11,18,20,24,31], but our results showed, in most cases, a somewhat lower muscle strength, especially after puberty. This might be caused by the different measurement methods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Although several studies are published establishing normative data for muscle strength in children [4,18,24], adolescents, and young adults for different muscle groups, only in a few studies anthropometrical variables were specified [2,11,20,31,41]. Reliable muscle strength measurement of different muscle groups is time-consuming and a quick and simple measurement might provide a good indication of the general muscle strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?

et al. 2009

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The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether grip strength is related to total muscle strength in children, adolescents, and young adults. The second purpose was to provide reference charts for grip strength, which could be used in the clinical and research setting. This cross-sectional study was performed at primary and secondary schools and the University of Applied Sciences. Three hundred and eighty-four healthy Dutch children, adolescents, and young adults at the age of 8 to 20 years participated. Isometric muscle strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer of four muscle groups (shoulder abductors, grip strength, hip flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors). Total muscle strength was a summing up of shoulder abductors, hip flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. All physical therapists participated in a reliability study. The study was started when intratester and intertester reliability was high (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.8). Grip strength was strongly correlated with total muscle strength, with correlation coefficients between 0.736 and 0.890 (p < 0.01). However, the correlation was weaker when controlled for weight (0.485-0.564, p < 0.01). Grip strength is related to total muscle strength. This indicates, in the clinical setting, that grip strength can be used as a tool to have a rapid indication of someone's general muscle strength. The developed reference charts are suitable for evaluating muscle strength in children, adolescents, and young adults in clinical and research settings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?

et al. 2009

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“…Some studies report body mass as the strongest correlate with muscle strength in children, [8][9][10][11] while others demonstrate as we did that height showed the strongest relationship and was the most significant predictor of strength. 23,24 In adults, a decline in strength was most strongly associated with aging in 5 muscle groups (hand grip, ankle dorsiflexors, shoulder external rotators, knee flexors, and extensors), while in older adulthood all muscle groups demonstrated a significant decline in strength associated with aging. These results suggest a musclespecific response to aging during adulthood and that generalized weakness does not occur until older adulthood.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative reference values for strength and flexibility of 1,000 children and adults

et al. 2017

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Objective: To establish reference values for isometric strength of 12 muscle groups and flexibility of 13 joint movements in 1,000 children and adults and investigate the influence of demographic and anthropometric factors.Methods: A standardized reliable protocol of hand-held and fixed dynamometry for isometric strength of ankle, knee, hip, elbow, and shoulder musculature as well as goniometry for flexibility of the ankle, knee, hip, elbow, shoulder, and cervical spine was performed in an observational study investigating 1,000 healthy male and female participants aged 3-101 years. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with strength and flexibility of children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Results:Normative reference values of 25 strength and flexibility measures were generated.Strong linear correlations between age and strength were identified in the first 2 decades of life. Muscle strength significantly decreased with age in older adults. Regression modeling identified increasing height as the most significant predictor of strength in children, higher body mass in adolescents, and male sex in adults and older adults. Joint flexibility gradually decreased with age, with little sex difference. Waist circumference was a significant predictor of variability in joint flexibility in adolescents, adults, and older adults. Conclusions:Reference values and associated age-and sex-stratified z scores generated from this study can be used to determine the presence and extent of impairments associated with neuromuscular and other neurologic disorders, monitor disease progression over time in natural history studies, and evaluate the effect of new treatments in clinical trials. Neurology ® 2017;88:36-43Meaningful, reliable, and sensitive outcome measures are required to monitor treatment and progression of neuromuscular and other neurologic disorders. While there have been substantial advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of many neuromuscular disorders, the identification and development of new outcome measures that best reflect the efficacy of specific treatments have not advanced at the same rate. 1 Establishing valid and responsive outcome measures is a priority for the field. 2 To assist in the development of new outcome measures, normative reference values generated from large populations across the lifespan using standardized methods are required. Normative reference values can be utilized to generate z scores, which can be used in multicenter studies to improve outcome measure precision and responsiveness.Muscle weakness and joint contractures predispose to numerous pathologies requiring intervention. Reference data play an important role in identifying and quantifying these impairments and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. Currently, few comprehensive datasets detail the normal variation of active range of motion in healthy individuals and are limited by the number of joints assessed, 3...

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“…A study achieved with children found that those with higher age, height and weight (alone or in combination) showed higher strength in six muscle groups of the lower limbs, and the height was the strongest predictor of the strength compared to the age or weight (23) . However there is no research on the influence of body height in the tongue force.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of weight, height and body mass index (BMI) on tongue strength has been little studied. Most research on the height and weight as determinants of muscle strength study the muscles of other parts of the body and not specifically the tongue ones (23) . Some studies have considered these aspects to basically perform the match between the surveyed groups, assuming therefore to be the responsible parameters for differences between groups (24,25) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influência de altura, peso e índice de massa corporal na força axial da língua

Almeida

Furlan

Casas

et al. 2012

J. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência de peso, altura e índice de massa corporal na força axial da língua. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários referentes a 44 indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 37 anos, sendo 11 (25%) homens e 33 (75%) mulheres. Foram pesquisadas as informações referentes a peso, altura, resultado da avaliação clínica da língua (tônus lingual) e resultado da avaliação instrumental da força axial da língua, sendo esta última realizada por meio do FORLING. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças entre os valores de força em relação às variáveis de classificação do índice de massa corporal e avaliação clínica da língua. O índice de massa corporal e o peso apresentaram correlação positiva com a força média da língua. Verificou-se, ainda, correlação positiva forte entre as variáveis de força média, força máxima e maior força máxima da língua. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o índice de massa corporal e o peso se correlacionem de forma positiva com a força média axial da língua, não há associação entre a classificação do índice de massa corporal e as forças axiais da língua.

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Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in 6- to 8-Year-Old Children Using Hand-Held Dynamometry

Abstract: This study provides hand-held dynamometer strength reference values to enable clinicians to determine if clients of the same age, height, and weight have muscle weakness.

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?

Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?

Normative reference values for strength and flexibility of 1,000 children and adults

Influência de altura, peso e índice de massa corporal na força axial da língua

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