Lower genetic variability of HIV-1 and antiretroviral drug resistance in pregnant women from the state of Pará, Brazil

Abstract

BackgroundThe present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of HIV-1, as well as the resistance profile of the viruses identified in HIV-1 infected pregnant women under antiretroviral therapy in the state of Pará, Northern Brazil.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 45 HIV-1 infected pregnant to determine the virus subtypes according to the HIV-1 protease (PR) gene and part of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene by sequencing the nucleotides of these regions. Drug resistance mutations and susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs were analyzed by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database.ResultsOut of 45 samples, only 34 could be amplified for PR and 30 for RT. Regarding the PR gene, subtypes B (97.1%) and C (2.9%) were identified; for the RT gene, subtypes B (90.0%), F (6.7%), and C (3.3%) were detected. Resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) was identified in 5.8% of the pregnant, and mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 3.3%, while mutations conferring resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 3.3%.ConclusionsThese results showed a low frequency of strains resistant to antiretroviral drugs, the prevalence of subtypes B and F, and the persistent low transmission of subtype C in pregnant of the state of Pará, Brazil.

HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance to antiretroviral drugs among pregnant women in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Cross-sectional study

“…This was consistent with other data from Brazil [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] with the exception of the southern states, where subtype C has been found to prevail. 21 To a lesser extent, presence of recombinant forms between subtypes B and F, K and between F and subtype F1 was also found.…”

Homogenous HIV-1 subtype B from the Brazilian Amazon with infrequent diverse BF1 recombinants, subtypes F1 and C among blood donors

“…In 97 ARV naïve individuals from Amapá state, subtype B represented 74% [24]. Subtype B was also highly prevalent in Pará state representing 97% of 34 protease sequences of pregnant women [25] and 85% in patients failing HAART [22]. A previous study in 31 HIV-1 sequences of blood donors from Amazonas also showed the predominance of subtype B [21] and a recent study in 129 antiretroviral naïve children from Manaus showed 80.2% subtype B infections [27].…”

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 phylogenetic clusters with multidrug resistance mutations among 2011 to 2017 blood donors from the highly endemic Northern Brazilian Amazon

“…Different rates of TDR to the main ARV drug classes nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI and NNRTI, respectively) and protease inhibitors (PI) have been reported in Brazil, mostly ranging from 5% to 15% . In Northern Brazil, TDR rates ranging from 0% to 21% have been reported; however, studies from this region are still scarce …”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In Northern Brazil, TDR rates ranging from 0% to 21% have been reported; however, studies from this region are still scarce. 8,[13][14][15][16][17] In the context of a highly endemic region for HIV/AIDS, apparently healthy blood donors recently diagnosed with HIV-1 infection represent important sentinel populations for the assessment of TDR/DRM. As part of the routine screening process of blood donors, it has been assumed that all HIV-1-positive blood donors were honest about not knowing their HIV-positive status and not taking any ARV that could otherwise readily select for DRM.…”