Lower Triassic large sea-floor carbonate cements: Their origin and a mechanism for the prolonged biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction

Woods, Adam D.; Bottjer, David J.; Mutti, Maria; Morrison, Jean M.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0645:ltlsfc>2.3.co;2

Cited by 205 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…Accordingly, we argue that the massive carbonate formation suggested by our δ 88/86 Sr sw record and related model results was sustained and possibly triggered by BSR, producing large amounts of alkalinity in anoxic waters and sediments. This hypothesis could also explain the inorganic precipitation of sea-floor CaCO 3 cements that are observed in Late Permian reef complexes and Early Triassic carbonate platforms and pelagic plateaus (Grotzinger and Knoll, 1995;Kershaw et al, 2011;Knoll et al, 1996;Riding and Liang, 2005;Woods et al, 1999). The long lasting anoxic conditions may have been supported and amplified by a combination of additional factors, such as global warming (Wignall and Twitchett, 2002), a stagnant and stratified ocean (Knoll et al, 1996), and long term high nutrient fluxes to the oceans from the weathering of coal-swamp deposits ( Fig.…”

Section: The Effect Of Changing Sea Level and Ocean Anoxia On The Marmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbonate burial and dissolution are believed to have been closely linked to changes in seawater chemistry induced by ocean anoxia and acidification (Knoll et al, 1996;Payne et al, 2010;Riebesell et al, 1993;Woods et al, 1999). Massive weathering and recrystallization of continental carbonate shelves during sea level low stands could also contribute an additional flux of Sr to the ocean (Krabbenhöft et al, 2010;Stoll and Schrag, 1998).…”

Section: The Effect Of Changing Sea Level and Ocean Anoxia On The Marmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Phanerozoic δ88/86Sr record of seawater: New constraints on past changes in oceanic carbonate fluxes

Vollstaedt

Eisenhauer

Wallmann

et al. 2014

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

107

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The isotopic composition of Phanerozoic marine sediments provides important information about changes in seawater chemistry. In particular, the radiogenic strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) system is a powerful tool for constraining plate tectonic processes and their influence on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. However, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratio of seawater is not sensitive to temporal changes in the marine strontium (Sr) output flux, which is primarily controlled by the burial of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) at the ocean floor. The Sr budget of the Phanerozoic ocean, including the associated changes in the amount of CaCO 3 burial, is therefore only poorly constrained. Here, we present the first stable isotope record of Sr for Phanerozoic skeletal carbonates, and by inference for Phanerozoic seawater (δ 88/86 Sr sw ), which we find to be sensitive to imbalances in the Sr input and output fluxes. This δ 88/86 Sr sw record varies from ~0.25‰ to ~0.60‰ (vs. SRM987) with a mean of ~0.37‰. The fractionation factor between modern seawater and skeletal The oceanic net carbonate flux of Sr (F(Sr) carb ) varied between an output of -4.7x10 10 mol/Myr and an input of +2.3x10 10 mol/Myr with a mean of -1.6x10 10 mol/Myr.On time scales in excess of 100Myrs the F(Sr) carb is proposed to have been controlled by the relative importance of calcium carbonate precipitates during the "aragonite" and "calcite" sea episodes. On time scales less than 20Myrs the F(Sr) carb seems to be controlled by variable combinations of carbonate burial rate, shelf carbonate weathering and recrystallization, ocean acidification, and ocean anoxia. In particular, the Permian/Triassic transition is marked by a prominent positive δ 88/86 Sr sw -peak that reflects a significantly enhanced burial flux of Sr and carbonate, likely driven by bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and the related alkalinity production in deeper anoxic waters. We also argue that the residence time of Sr in the Phanerozoic ocean ranged from ~1Myrs to ~20Myrs.

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Section: The Effect Of Changing Sea Level and Ocean Anoxia On The Marmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of Changing Sea Level and Ocean Anoxia On The Marmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phanerozoic δ88/86Sr record of seawater: New constraints on past changes in oceanic carbonate fluxes

Vollstaedt

Eisenhauer

Wallmann

et al. 2014

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

107

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“…The recovery of this equitorial conifer assemblage corresponds to the recovery of higher latitude peat forests, ending the ''coal gap'' (50, 51). Retallack (51) has suggested that a pervasive short-lived greenhouse climate could explain the data from plants and paleosols; it may also explain the apparent anoxia in shallow marine settings (35,45,46).…”

Section: Postextinction Recoveries: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus survivorship alone may reveal little about success during the recovery. (46,47). The formation of extensive sea-floor carbonate cements into the late Early Triassic supports claims of environmental damping (46), yet the return of stable isotopes and the presence of stenotopic echinoids in shallow waters earlier in the Triassic suggest the lag may in part be ecologic.…”

Section: Postextinction Recoveries: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions

Erwin

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

288

167

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Although mass extinctions probably account for the disappearance of less than 5% of all extinct species, the evolutionary opportunities they have created have had a disproportionate effect on the history of life. Theoretical considerations and simulations have suggested that the empty niches created by a mass extinction should refill rapidly after extinction ameliorates. Under logistic models, this biotic rebound should be exponential, slowing as the environmental carrying capacity is approached. Empirical studies reveal a more complex dynamic, including positive feedback and an exponential growth phase during recoveries. Far from a model of refilling ecospace, mass extinctions appear to cause a collapse of ecospace, which must be rebuilt during recovery. Other generalities include the absence of a clear correlation between the magnitude of extinction and the pace of recovery or the resulting ecological and evolutionary disruption the presence of a survival interval, with few originations, immediately after an extinction and preceding the recovery phase, and the presence of many lineages that persist through an extinction event only to disappear during the subsequent recovery. Several recoveries include numerous missing lineages, groups that are found before the extinction, then latter in the recovery, but are missing during the initial survival-recovery phase. The limited biogeographic studies of recoveries suggest considerable variability between regions.H owever much one may mourn the passing of trilobites, conodonts, ammonoids, richtofenid brachiopods, and even dinosaurs, there is no denying the profound evolutionary impetus mass extinctions have provided to the history of life. Mass extinctions create new evolutionary opportunities and redirect the course of evolution. During the past two decades, paleontologists have focused great effort on the patterns, rates, and causes of various mass extinctions. Our understanding of these events has improved greatly, but postextinction rebounds have received far less attention. This lack of attention is unfortunate, for the available detailed empirical studies of recoveries have revealed great complexity to postextinction rebounds, raising questions about the applicability of many models of evolutionary dynamics. Analysis of these extensive biotic disturbances provides detailed information about how ecosystems respond to perturbations and the processes underlying diversification, and insights into what we might plausibly expect from our current biodiversity crisis. In this paper, I will place recovery studies within the context of models of biodiversity dynamics, review the results of both modeling work and empirical studies of specific postextinction recoveries, consider the general patterns that can be derived from a comparative study of recoveries, and close with a discussion of the evolutionary significance of biotic recoveries. Recoveries and Biodiversity DynamicsPaleontological discussions of postextinction recoveries have been heavily influenced by models of ev...

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“…After the destruction of coniferous vegetation, lycopod spore plants came to dominate the land (1), and total benthic marine diversity remained relatively low until the Middle Triassic time (2). This was an unusually long delay for biotic recovery after a mass extinction (3), and the Early Triassic has therefore often been viewed as an interval when global conditions remained hostile to life (4)(5)(6). Both the terminal Permian crisis and a lesser mass extinction at the end of the Middle Permian were accompanied by a sharp negative shift of stable carbon isotopes, as recorded in limestones and organic carbon in numerous marine and terrestrial strata (reviewed by Retallack et al,ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Stanley

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

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Ammonoids and conodonts, being characterized by exceptionally high background rates of origination and extinction, were vulnerable to global environmental crises, which characteristically intensified background rates of extinction. Thus, it is not surprising that these taxa suffered conspicuous mass extinctions at the times of three negative Early Triassic global carbon isotopic excursions that resembled those associated with the two preceding Permian mass extinctions. In keeping with their high rates of origination, both the ammonoids and conodonts rediversified dramatically between the Early Triassic crises. Other marine taxa, characterized by much lower intrinsic rates of origination, were held at low levels of diversity by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect all marine life, these taxa must have experienced relatively modest expansions and contractions that have yet to be discovered, because they do not stand out in the fossil record and because the stratigraphic ranges of these taxa, being of little value for temporal correlation, have not been thoroughly studied.carbon isotopes ͉ Permian

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Lower Triassic large sea-floor carbonate cements: Their origin and a mechanism for the prolonged biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction

Cited by 205 publications

References 0 publications

The Phanerozoic δ88/86Sr record of seawater: New constraints on past changes in oceanic carbonate fluxes

The Phanerozoic δ88/86Sr record of seawater: New constraints on past changes in oceanic carbonate fluxes

Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

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