Lower Urinary Tract Inflammation and Infection: Key Microbiological and Immunological Aspects

Abstract

The urinary system, primarily responsible for the filtration of blood and waste, is affected by several infectious and inflammatory conditions. Focusing on the lower tract, this review outlines the physiological and immune landscape of the urethra and bladder, addressing key immunological and microbiological aspects of important infectious/inflammatory conditions. The conditions addressed include urethritis, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, urinary tract infections, and urosepsis. Key aspects of each condition are addressed, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations. Finally, therapeutic options are outlined, highlighting gaps in the knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches.

Assessment of chronometric indicators of the speed of the onset therapeutic effect and prevention of recurrences by using complex phytotherapy in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis

“…Н еускладнений цистит визначається як гострий, спорадичний або рецидивний, що виникає у невагітних жінок без анатомічних та функціональних порушень сечових шляхів або супутніх захворювань [1,2].…”

“…Інфекції сечових шляхів (ІСШ) значно поширені у всьому світі. Від бактеріального ураження сечового тракту щороку страждає близько 150 млн людей [2,3]. Результати досліджень свідчать, що до 18-20 років принаймні один епізод гострого циститу розвивається у 20% дівчат, у 25-40% жінок після епізоду гострого циститу протягом року розвивається рецидив, причому у 50% -понад 3 разів на рік [4,5].…”

Nomogram predictive model for in-hospital mortality risk in elderly ICU patients with urosepsis

“…Urosepsis, a severe condition caused by severe UTI that leads to organ failure, is an important cause of sepsis [11]. Approximately 30% of the sepsis cases in the United States are attributable to UTI [12]. Gharbi et al [13] found that owing to physiological tendencies, such as the decline of the immune system, as well as the presence of chronic diseases that alter immune function, such as diabetes and chronic kidney failure, elderly populations diagnosed with urosepsis have more severe conditions, and these diseases are associated with higher mortality rates.…”

Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 decreases urothelial cell invasion and enhances macrophage killing of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro study

“…UPEC is a Gram-negative rod bacterium belonging to Enterobacteriaceae family in the phylum Pseudomonadota. The pathogenesis of UPEC UTIs has been previously reviewed ( Flores-Mireles et al., 2015 ; Dickson et al., 2024 ). UPEC is a commensal residing in the gut.…”