Lowered Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Activity is Associated with Depressive Symptoms and Cytokine Production in Cancer Patients Receiving Interleukin-2-Based Immunotherapy

Maes, Michaël

doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00168-8

Cited by 47 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with reports indicating that IL-2 immunotherapy in humans induced depression and anorexia [6][7][8]31], chronic IL-2 infusion diminished the consumption of the palatable solution in the present study. In this regard, the surgery involving the implantation of the minipumps was accompanied by a reduction in chocolate milk consumption irrespective of whether the treatment comprised IL-2 or saline infusion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Rather, in patients suffering from certain types of cancer, the effects of the cytokine may be interacting with the active disease state, thereby leading to depression. Fur-ther, certain types of cancer are associated with elevations of IL-6 [7,36] as well as IL-1 and TNF-· [37], which potentially may contribute to any effects of the IL-2 immunotherapy itself. In addition, cachexia, often a side effect of the cancer itself [38,39], may make cancer patients more vulnerable to cytokine-induced changes in central functioning.…”

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is somewhat surprising, given that depression in humans has been associated with increased circulating levels of several cytokines, including IL-2 and soluble IL-2 receptors [5]. Furthermore, although IL-2 (and interferon-·) has been used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of several types of cancer, pronounced adverse neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric effects may evolve, including symptoms of depression [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Chronic Interleukin-2 Infusion and Stressors on Sickness Behaviors and Neurochemical Change in Mice

Sudom

Turrin²,

Hayley³

et al. 2004

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objectives: Major depression is associated with increased circulating interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels, and IL-2 immunotherapy may provoke depressive symptoms, leading to the suggestion that this cytokine may contribute to the evolution of affective disorders. Although depression is a relatively chronic condition, and immunotherapy involves repeated cytokine administration, animal studies have typically assessed the consequences of acute cytokine treatment. The present investigation assessed several behavioral and neurochemical effects of chronic IL-2 infusion. Methods: Behaviors reflecting anhedonia and/or anorexia, sickness behavior, plasma corticosterone and norepinephrine (NE) activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus were assessed following continuous infusion of IL-2 over 7 days in CD-1 mice. Results: The cytokine treatment reduced the consumption of a highly favored palatable substance (chocolate milk) and reduced locomotor activity monitored over the course of the 7-day period. Although sickness behaviors were also increased significantly by the treatment, the degree of sickness behavior was actually modest. While a chronic, variable stressor also affected consumption of the palatable food, this treatment did not enhance the effects of IL-2. Furthermore, in contrast to acute and chronic stressors that increased plasma corticosterone levels and the utilization of NE within the PVN of the hypothalamus, IL-2 did not promote such effects and did not modify the impact of the stressors. Conclusion: While IL-2 may induce anorexia or anhedonia, the effects of this treatment are distinguishable from those elicited by stressors and those typically elicited by proinflammatory cytokines. The data are related to findings suggesting a link between IL-2 and depressive illness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Chronic Interleukin-2 Infusion and Stressors on Sickness Behaviors and Neurochemical Change in Mice

Sudom

Turrin²,

Hayley³

et al. 2004

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…In a pilot study (35), my colleagues and I noticed an increase in serum total sialic acid in depressed patients and this increase can be explained using the finding of many researchers who showed an immune response (16,17) and increase in acute phase reactants (18) in depression because more than half of sialic acids in serum are derived from acute phase proteins (36).…”

Section: Cortisol Immunoglobulins and Complements In Depressed Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immune-inflammatory system response in depression is accompanied by secretion of cytokines like interlukin-1, interlukin-2, interlukin-6, interlukin-8, and interferon etc. (16,17). These cytokines stimulate the production and secretion of acute phase proteins in the liver (18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum cortisol, immunoglobulins and some complements among depressed patients

Al‐Hakeim

2008

Indian J Clin Biochem

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Psychiatric disorders especially depression are associated with a variety of changes in immunity parameters. In this work, an attempt was carried out to make estimation about the correlation between immunity and depression through the measuring of IgG, IgA, and IgM and complements (C3 and C4) levels in the serum of patients and comparing them with the corresponding levels of healthy control group. The results showed a significant increase in serum level of C3, C4, cortisol, IgG and no significant differences were noticed in the level of IgA and IgM in the depressed patients group as compared with control group. A slight positive correlation was observed between cortisol versus IgG in depressed patients that is not found in normal subjects. Thus in depression, human body defenses psychologically and sometimes this defense transformed into immunological resistance that is expressed as different measurable changes in immunological parameters.

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