<b>Formulation and characterization of a multiple emulsion containing 1% L-ascorbic acid</b>

Abstract

ABSTRACT.ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. The purpose of the study was to prepare a stable multiple emulsion containing a skin anti-aging agent and using paraffin oil. Vitamin C, was incorporated into the inner aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) multiple emulsion at a concentration of 1%. Multiple emulsion was prepared by two step method. Stability studies were performed at different accelerated conditions, i.e. C at 75% RH (in stability cabin) for 28 days to predict the stability of formulations. Different parameters, namely pH, globule size, electrical conductivity and effect of centrifugation (simulating gravity) were determined during stability studies. Data obtained was evaluated statistically using ANOVA two way analyses and LSD tests. Multiple emulsion formulated was found to be stable at lower temperatures (i.e. 8 and 25 o C) for 28 days. No phase separation was observed in the samples during stability testing. It was found that there was no significant change (p > 0.05) in globule sizes in most of the samples kept at various conditions. Insignificant changes (p > 0.05) in both pH and conductivity values were determined for the samples kept at 8, 40, and 40 o C at 75% RH, throughout the study period. Further studies are needed to formulate more stable emulsions with other emulsifying agents.

Fabrication, physicochemical characterization and preliminary efficacy evaluation of a W/O/W multiple emulsion loaded with 5% green tea extract

“…Multiple emulsions were prepared using a twostep emulsification procedure (Akhtar et al, 2010). Primary emulsion was prepared by emulsifying both oil phase and aqueous phase in the presence of lipophilic surfactant while heating both phases at 75 °C in a digital water bath (Heidolph, Germany).…”

Controle Da Estabilidade De Emulsões Multiplas

“…Para isso foi realizada uma revisão fichas técnicas e em sites de busca no Brasil, para essa verificação. A instabilidade destes sistemas emulsionados múltiplos pode ocorrer pelos mecanismos de (i) coalescência das gotículas de água na fase A1/O (AKHTAR et al, 2010;WHITEHILL, 1981); (ii) coalescência dos glóbulos de óleo na emulsão A1/O/A2 (AKHTAR et al, 2010;WHITEHILL, 1981); (iii) ruptura do filme oleoso entre as fases aquosas interna e externa, resultando na perda das gotículas aquosas internas (AKHTAR et al, 2010;SCHMIDTS et al, 2009;WHITEHILL, 1981);(iv) passagem da água bem como de fármacos, ativos ou aditivos solúveis na água através da camada de óleo entre as fases aquosas interna e externa do sistema múltiplo. (SCHMIDTS et al 2009;WHITEHILL, 1981).…”

“…Os tipos mais comuns são água-em-óleo-em-água (A1/O/A2) ou óleo-em-água-em-óleo (O1/A/O2). (PEREIRA; GARCIA-ROJAS, 2015; KUMAR; KUMAR; MAHADEVAN KUMAR, 2012;AKHTAR et al, 2010;SCHMIDTS et al, 2010;MORAIS, 2008;WHATELEY, 1997).…”

“…(AGRAWAL; KULKARNI; SHARMA, 2015; PEREIRA; GARCIA-ROJAS, 2015;SCHMIDT et al, 2015;AMID;MIRHOSSEINI, 2014;KUMAR;KUMAR;MAHADEVAN KUMAR, 2012;AKHTAR et al, 2010;SCHMIDTS et al, 2010;SCHMIDTS et al, 2009;MORAIS, 2008;CARLOTTI et al, 2005;WHATELEY, 1997;WHATELEY, 1995;OMOTOSHO, 1990;WHITEHILL, 1982). Devido à complexidade das emulsões múltiplas criou-se um sistema de nomenclatura para caracterizar as fases constituintes do sistema.…”

“…( SCHMIDT et al, 2015;MAHMOOD et al, 2013;HERNÁNDEZ-MARÍN;VERNON-CARTER, 2013;SIGWARD et al, 2013;KUMAR;KUMAR;MAHADEVAN, 2012;MURILLO-MARTÍNEZ et al, 2011;AKHTAR et al, 2010;LOBATO-CALLEROS et al, 2008;WHATELEY, 1997;WHATELEY, 1995;OMOTOSHO, 1990 MANICKAM, 2014;SCHMIDTS et al, 2009). …”